1.0 INTRODUCTION Fungi have been significant in both past and modern biotechnological processes (Bennett, 1998). After World War I, a traditional fungal biotechnology has begun and developed into yielding of enzymes, antibiotics, hormones, citric acids, vitamins, and fungicides (Demain, 2000). This list will continue expanding as we moved in this modern century. Fungi definitely bring lots of benefits in pharmaceutical and economic industries. For instance, pharmaceuticals and personal care products
only insects, but also molds, bacteria which can be toxic and deadly. Analysis of the mystery. Ancient mummies definitely carry mold based on laboratory studies (Handwerk, 2005). There are at least two deadly types of mold present; Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus.
been baled, yet another new group of microbes (mainly consisting of fungi and yeasts) start to reproduce (Smith). These new fungi are better suited to fill this new, drier, and warmer niche. The most common molds found in hay include Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporum, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium, and Rhizopus each of these types cause spores that can cause problems for livestock and especially horses (Lemus). Out of these common types of fungi, there are three types that start to grow mainly during
systems. Common Mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins A, alkaloids, fumonisins and patulin Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungi that are usually belongs to one of the three genus 1] Aspergillus Species, 2] Penicillium 3] Fusarium Aspergillus Species: Aflatoxins: Aspergillus specious occurs in food as spoilage ago. They are very common in stored food products such as, Grain, nuts, and specious occur more frequently in tropical and subtropical then in moderate climates. Mycotoxins
Imagine you are at you favorite Asian inspired restaurant with your friends. You just finished ordering your food, when u look over and see that bottle of dark syrupy liquid off to the side. Known around the world, Soy sauce is an international condiment that is used as a sauce, a condiment, as well as an ingredient in plenty of dishes and recipes. Although this condiment is seen a lot in most Asian style restaurants or even in packets from your Chinese take-out place but it is used all over the
that comes to After Hours Care complaining of pain in the right ear. He was diagnosed with otomycosis by physical exam. Examination revealed greenish and black fuzzy growth on the ear wax (Aspergillus, 2015). It can also appear like debris resembling wet blotting paper, which covers the entire canal (Aspergillus, 2015). The typical findings and symptoms include itching, irritation, discomfort, pain, and, scanty discharge from the affected ear (Aspergillosis, 2015). Also, a common complaint is feeling
Introduction: Topic: Micro-organisms Question: Does cinnamon and curry inhibit the growth of bacteria? Hypothesis: Cinnamon and curry do inhibit the growth of bacteria. Cinnamon inhibit growth better than curry does. Aim: • To see if cinnamon and curry are potent agents in fighting diseases • To compare the ability to inhibit bacterial growth between curry and cinnamon How: I plan to use agar plates in my experiment. There will be a group of 3 petri-dishes: one with just bacteria, another
yeast and mold have more competitive edge than bacteria. Citrus fruit are more likely to be spoiled by yeast and mold than by bacteria. It is very common to see refrigerated fruits such as oranges, lime, and lemon spoiled by Penicillium, Mucor, Aspergillus, yeast, and so on. The protective barrier as defense mechanism
mycotoxin may be placed in different groups. For example, aflatoxin is a hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, difuran-containing, polyketide-derived Aspergillus toxins (Bennett and Klich, 2003). 3.1.1 Aflatoxins Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) are considered to be the group of mycotoxins of greatest concern from a global perspective. They are primarily produced by Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and in rare cases, by A. nomius (Nida’M and Ahmad, 2010). AFB1, the most abundant and most toxic aflatoxin [(Prandini
to produce extracellular basic proteases, for example, Conidioboluscoronatus (Phadatare et al., 1993), Arthrobotrysolgospora (Tunlid et al.,1994), Trichodermaharzianum (Dunaevsky et al., 2000), Cephalosporium sp. KM388 (Tsuchiya et al.,1987) and Aspergillus Fumigatus (Wang et al.,2005). Alkaline proteases of microbial origins have significant mechanical potential because of their biochemical differences and wide applications in tannery and food industries, medicinal formulations, cleansers and procedures
with a group of mycotoxins called aflatoxin[1]. Economically, mycotoxins cause illness and death in humans and animals, and increase cost of food production and toxin management. Examples of economically important mycotoxin-producing fungi include Aspergillus spp., Alternaria spp., Claviceps spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Acremonium spp., Phomopsis spp., and Stachybotrys spp.[4]. Cancer is the most studied mycotoxicosis among the others, with aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and fumonisins being the
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF MYCOTOXINS 3.1. Main types of mycotoxins There are several classification of mycotoxins base on the field of study. Different researchers grouped mycotoxins according to their area of study and the toxicity levels. For example, the Cell biologist grouped mycotoxins into generic classes such as teratogens, mutagens, carcinogens, and allergens. While the clinicians classified mycotoxins base on the body organs they affect such as hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, immunotoxins
WEEK 3 PRACTICAL 3 3.1 : METABOLISM – FERMENTATION AND RESPIRATION IN YEASTS INTRODUCTION Yeasts are facultative anaerobes. They are able to metabolize the sugars in two different ways which is aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen and anaerobic respiration in the absence of oxygen. The aerobic respiration also known as cellular respiration takes place when glucose is broken down in the present of oxygen to yield carbon dioxide, water and energy in the form of ATP. While in anaerobic respiration
The first law that regarded marijuana in America required farmers to grow hemp in the year 1619 for clothing, rope, and other materials, but “as early as 1840, doctors recognized the medical applications of marijuana, and the drug was freely sold in pharmacies for over a century.” (Rich and Stingl). In 1937, the use and possession of marijuana was made illegal, but “before 1937 marijuana was freely bought, sold, grown, and used.”(Rich and Stingl). In 1970 the congress decided to classify marijuana
REVIEW OF LITERATURE WHEY:- Whey, a by-product of the dairy industry, is a fluid obtained by sorting out the coagulum from whole milk, cream or skim milk (Marwaha et al., 1988). For year, whey was thought to be insignificant and was either used as an animal feed or it was disposed of as waste (Tsakali, E. et al.2010). Depending upon the variety of the cheese produced (e.g. hard or semi-hard), the average yield is 1kg from 10L of milk, where the balance (9L) is whey. Hence, it is apparent that daily
Microbial production of vitamins- To fulfill the increasing worldwide demand and to reduce the cost of vitamins different group of researchers are using different microorganisms for the production of vitamins like vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin B2 and vitamin D. Here in this review I have mentioned some of them which are producing good yield of vitamins. Vitamin B12- Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) is having great worldwide demand due to its important role in growth and metabolism of the living cell. J
Penicillium was discovered in 1809 by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link. Today, it has been developed into penicillin. Penicillin, an antibiotic, can prevent bacterial infections. It is also present in foods. It is invaluable in today’s economy and practical use. Because of it, millions of lives have been saved. Along with the invention of anesthesia, antibiotic invention has been credited to being one of medicine’s greatest gifts to the world. In 1927, Alexander Fleming had been studying the properties
properties and substrate specificity, which make them most attractive for industrial applications. (Hasan, Shah et al. 2013). Some important lipase-producing bacterial genera are Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Burkholderia and fungal genera include Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Candida. Different species of yeasts belonging to seven different genera include Zygosaccharomyces, Pichia, Lachancea, Kluyveromyces, Saccharomyces, Candida, and Torulaspora. (Verma, Thakur et al.). Lipases are classified
shown that the presence of pathogens in a final compost may contaminate the food chain with the incomplete compost product provoking the growth of pathogenic microbes or keeping them alive and vigorous. Most notably, human pathogens like Aeromonas, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. terreus, Cryptosporidium and Giardia cysts, Enterococcus faecalis, Geotrichum candidum, GeoBacillus stearothermophilus, G. thermoglucosidasi, Klebsiella, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas, Saccharomonospora and Saccharopolyspora
Dog Food Solid Gold What’s in Solid Gold Dog Food ? Dog food Solid Gold is just that – solid gold…at least when it comes to value. Solid Gold has been in the business of premium dog food for over 30 years. Dog food Solid Gold is made only of the best ingredients including: high-grade whole grains - barley, brown rice, oatmeal and millet USDA quality meats - beef, bison, lamb and fish fruits and vegetables - blueberries, carrots, potatoes and cranberries herbs and other natural ingredients All