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The role of phonological awareness and phonemic awareness in reading development
Developing of reading skills
The importance of phonology
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Significant studies have been instrumented to delve in mental development correlated in reading skills that construct children’s early reading achievement. These researches present plausible data of an important aspect of letter sound and phonological awareness. Whilst, the findings appears to point that synthetic phonics teach students better in word reading, spelling, and reading comprehension. In the case of synthetic phonics approach revealed a child develops the knowledge how to pronounce unknown printed words by sounding them out and blending the letters. Thus, a systematic approach is essential to beginner readers. While education experts formed viewpoint that analytic phonics method to teach children better at fluency in share rimes …show more content…
Meanwhile, in a preschool environment, the emergent literacy approach is play-based learning focusing children’s interests, such as, singing, dramatic play and shared reading. According to Hill (2006, p. 73) shared reading is an experience which a big or small book is read out to the class where children are encouraged to participate in various ways such as choral reading. Above all these, in a junior primary teaching of reading instruction is to develop skills in recognizing letter sound to word, and reading fluency in a competent manner. Most educators consider the importance of phonics approach, however, as Fisher (2008, p. 8) points out that there are various phonics approaches and all focus on teaching the correlations between phonemes – sound of language, and graphemes - letters. The synthetic phonics, also referred to as explicit phonics, involves learning letter to sound relationships and then the sounds are blended to stress into words. According to Johnston, McGeown, and Watson (2011, p. 1365) that overall, students had better word reading, spelling, and reading comprehension when taught by synthetic phonics. In particular, the boys tend to well in phonological approach to reading than the girls. For this reason, Johnston et al. (2011, p. 1366) suggest a phonic approach would be an advantage to the boys. Similarly, the synthetic phonics method was better for children was supported by the United States of America (US) National Reading Panel (NRP) in the Report and Recommendations for National Inquiry into the teaching of literacy (Australian Government. Department of Education, Science and Training, 2005, p. 32) that children learn to read far better than all other instructions and that inclusive of whole language approach. As an illustration, in Fisher (2008, p. 9) children first learn the sounds for p, a, and t
Six principles for early reading instruction by Bonnie Grossen will be strongly enforced. It includes Phonemic awareness, each letter-Phonemic relationship explicitly, high regular letter-sound relationship systematically, showing exactly how to sound out words, connected decodable text to practice the letter phonemic relationships and using interesting stories to develop language comprehension. Double deficit hypothesis which focuses on phonological awareness and rapid naming speed.
...dren developing early reading. As the guidance which comes with the Primary National Strategy framework states, schools “put in place a systematic, discrete programme as the key means for teaching high-quality phonic work” (DfES & PNS, 2006, p. 7). By teaching children to decode it helps them to develop their early reading and sets them up with skills to tackle almost any unknown word. There are many programmes which school choose to follow such as the government provided ‘Letters and Sounds’ or other schemes such as ‘Jolly Phonics’ or ‘Read Write Inc.’. Though there are many different companies’ schools can choose to follow the breakdown of how phonics should be taught is the same in all: phonics should prepare children to be able to decode any word they come across and teach itself in a multisensory way, one that interests the children and helps them to learn.
The article “Hands-on and Kinesthetic Activities for Teaching Phonological Awareness” is the study of language being composed of sounds and sounds that can be manipulated. Phonics is one of the primary building blocks of reading and learning. Phonics teaches children to listen more carefully to the sounds that make up each word. The study was performed in two before school programs, both with students in primary grades. The study contained 1 object box and 5 environmental print card games. The environmental game cards consisted of the Stepping Stone Game, Syllabication Object box, Vowel-Change Word Family, The Four-Letter Long Vowel Silent-e Words, and Sorting Words by Vowel Sound Game. This article I chose to write about was written by Audrey C. Rule, Jolene Dockstader, and Roger A. Stewart. The article provided 3 table graphs, 5 examples of Phonics Games, and 6 pages of the data collected to better account for how the experiment played out. This article was published in the Early Childhood Education Journal, which really proved to me that it was an excellent way to learn more about Hands- on Learning and Kinesthetic Activities.
This article provides the rationale for introducing a phonics screening check in Australian schools, detailed explanations of its development, implementation, and result in English schools, and also recommendations for a phonic screening in Australia. Furthermore, the author has attempted to research and document a method that is believed can improve Australian children literacy level and their reading ability not only nationally but also internationally. By implementing the Year 1 Phonics Screening Check and demonstrate how systematic phonics is being taught across the country and in individual schools, it is believed that it can improve teaching methods. The article makes an exceptional initiation to implement new education policy scheme in Australia. Despite there was a lot of research in this teaching method, seeing the result and evaluation in the implantation in Australia will add new knowledge on this
What is the problem you are addressing? Students have to learn the names and sounds of the letters in order move on into more advance connections that will lead them into success in reading and writing. Traditional teaching methods in our schools allow students to make the connections between letter prints and phonemes using mostly visual and auditory learning styles. This early reading task is not easy for beginners (Ehri, Deffner & Lee, 1984, p. 880). In order to ease the difficulties young scholars might encounter while learning sound to letter graphic representation, multi sensory teaching methods that have been tested such as the Orton-Gillingham. The use of multi sensory teaching methods from trained teachers have been able to prove student improvement in decoding ability, and application of decoding skills ( Trepanier, 2009). QSI has a vast population of non native kindergarten students, who though can hear and produce the sounds of the letter taught, they might benefit from incorporating kinaesthetic letter patterns into phonic instruction. This intervention would be the stepping stone for the production of CVC words/ pseudo words. In my 10 year experience teaching kindergarten students overseas I have experience the benefits of using visual aids for students to manipulate sounds with the propose of reading words or and writing them. This action research is an attempt to identify if this specific kinaesthetic intervention to learn letter/phoneme relationship will help students make the required connections to enhance their phonemic awareness.
In Reading Recovery lessons, children are explicitly taught how to use letter-sound relationships to construct words in writing and to analyze words while reading. In order to accomplish these complex analyses, specific instruction is utilized to help children think about the order of sounds in spoken words and to analyze the word into the sequence of sounds. From the story that a child writes, the teacher selects two or three words that will be illustrative of the process. At first, the teacher chooses words in which it is easy to hear the sounds, which the child will need to use often, and which have simple letter-sound relationships.
Four phases of reading development have been established (Ehri 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999) : pre-alphabetic, partial alphabetic, full alphabetic and consolidated alphabetic. These phases has led to the core understanding of children's reading development, apart from the pre-alphabetic phase phonological awareness skills are seen throughout the phases.
The FLaRE (Florida Literacy and Reading Excellence) Center has published a professional paper entitled “Phonemic Awareness” of which I will be presenting a critical review. Phonemic awareness is one of the five essential components of reading identified by the National reading Panel (Learning Point Associates, 2004). Phonemic awareness can be defined as a person’s understanding that each word we speak is comprised of individual sounds called phonemes and that these sounds can be blended to form different words (Learning Point Associates, 2004). The article was intended to give a synopsis of phonemic awareness and the vital role it plays in a literacy program. I found the article to be very clear and concise presenting valuable tactics that can be applied in the classroom.
Phonological approaches teach literacy through a set of sequential skills. This method is strong in teaching letter-sound relationships, which is a crucial skill
Wyse, D. and Goswami, U. (2008) Synthetic phonics and the teaching of reading, British Educational Research Journal, 34 (6), pp.691-710
The five key elements are one, Phonemic Awareness. This is when a teacher helps children to learn how to manipulate sounds in our language and this helps children to learn how to read. Phonemic Awareness can help to improve a student’s reading, and spelling. With this type of training the effects on a child’s reading will last long after training is over. The second key is Phonics. Phonics has many positive benefits for children in elementary schools from kindergarten up to the sixth grade level. Phonics helps children who struggle with learning how to read by teaching them how to spell, comprehend what they are reading, and by showing them how to decode words. The third key is Vocabulary. Vocabulary is important when children are learning how to comprehend what they are reading. Showing children, the same vocabulary words by using repetition will help them to remember the words. The fourth key is comprehension. Comprehension is when a child’s understanding of comprehension is improved when teachers use different techniques such as generating questions, answering questions, and summarizing what they are
According to Bursuck & Damer (2011) phonemes are “the smallest individual sounds in words spoken.” Phonemic awareness is the “ability to hear the phonemes and manipulate the sounds” (p. 41). Phonemic awareness is essential because without the ability students are not able to manipulate the sounds. According to the National Institute for Literacy (2007), “students with poor phonics skills prevent themselves from reading grade-level text and are unable to build their vocabulary” (p.5) Agreeing with the importance of phonemic awareness, Shapiro and Solity attempted to use whole class instruction to improve students’ phonological awareness. The intervention showed that whole class instruction assisted not only the students with poor phonemic awareness, but also on-level developing readers.
Reading and writing is a key part of everyone’s life. There has been some encouraging levels of reading development in primary school assessments. According to the National Assessment Program Literacy and Numeracy report (2015), 95.5% of students achieve at or above the national minimum standard of reading. It is important to know effective ways to teach reading so children can become active problem solvers to enable them to read for meaning or for fun. Over the years, there has been a big amount of research into the most effective ways to teach reading skills to students. There are some systematically taught key skills and strategies that help achieve these levels of reading. Some of these skills include phonological awareness, phonemic awareness,
In this information–driven age, preparing students to read a variety of texts with complete understanding should likely be one of our educational system’s highest priorities. Understanding is more than just the ability to produce information on demand (knowledge) or the ability to perform learned routines (skills). “Understanding is the ability to think and act flexibly with what one knows.” (Active Learning Practice for Schools, n. d.) A review of the literature in the area of reading comprehension of elementary-age students shows two principle areas of focus. There is a body of literature that examines the development of proficient vs. struggling comprehenders and another body of literature that compares methodologies for teaching reading comprehension.
Since the early studies and Ehri’s conclusions a great deal of research has demonstrated that letter knowledge is integrally involved in word recognition. The hypotheses and purpose of this later study was to examine anew the effects of letter-name knowledge associated with instruction on beginning phonetic word recognition with methodology correcting for the flaws of previous studies. After instruction the children’s ability to learn 3 types of word spellings was examined. An argument was then formulated that efforts to increase children’s attention to letter information are needed, given its clear importance in early reading.