In India, English has been in use for more than four centuries. Its presence was established by traders of the East India Company so it was first the language of the early merchants, missioners and settlers. English became the official and academic language of India by the early twentieth century. The rising of the nationalist movement in the 1920's that attempted to introduce Hindi as the National language of India brought some anti-English sentiment, especially in the non-Hindi-speaking states, but they would even present their resistance primarily in English. It was decided then to temporarily maintain English for official purposes. Once independence was gained and the British were gone, English continued to be widely used, and in fact, the new constitution makers deliberated and wrote the Indian Constitution in the English language. The large group of English varieties that mainly evolved out from British English is called the Indian English. Indian English includes all former colonial areas like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. These varieties preserve several features of pronunciation, grammar, and semantics from the native languages of India; according to a research of the University of Stuttgart , there are “over 1 billion people and over 80 languages in India: 35% Hindi, 7% Bengali, 7% Marathi, 7% Telugu, 6% Tamil, 5% Gujarati, 5% Urdu, 4% Oriya, 3% Kannada, 3% Malayalam, 3% Punjabi, 1% Assamese, 1% Kashmiri etc.” In terms of phonology, there is a large regional variation within Indian English. The different areas of India have very distinct pronunciation patterns of the Indian English; in like manner, there are different regional accents of English in Britain. There are many cases of Indianisms when comparing I... ... middle of paper ... ... or modify their worldviews. Works Cited http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/other-shows/videos/thomas-l-friedman-reporting-accent-neutralization.htm http://www.waseda.jp/ocw/AsianStudies/9A-77WorldEnglishSpring2005/Assignments/08_India_TejKB/Indian%20English.pdf http://books.google.com.co/books?id=H8dtjSeWSigC&pg=PA285&lpg=PA285&dq=attitudes+from+RP+speakers+towards+indian+english&source=bl&ots=qQrva3ic3n&sig=yZtLmmkoEd1tI-mRwA3hyqUiWvE&hl=es-419&sa=X&ei=fH23UpzvLMXZkQen8YGICQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=attitudes%20from%20RP%20speakers%20towards%20indian%20english&f=false http://www.accu.or.jp/appreb/09/pdf33-2/33-2P005-007.pdf http://www.languageinindia.com/junjul2002/baldridgeindianenglish.html http://www.languageinindia.com/may2003/annika.html#chapter9 http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/institut/mitarbeiter/jilka/teaching/dialectology/d13_Safr_Ind.pdf
This chapter focused mainly on misconceptions and attempting to clarify those misconceptions about accents. In the opinion of linguists, accent is a difficult word to define. This is due to the fact that language has variation therefore when it comes to a person having an accent or not, there is no true technical distinction because every person has different phonological aspects to their way of speaking. However, when forced to define this word, it is described as “a way of speaking” (Lippi-Green, 2012, p.44). Although Lippi- Green identified the difficulty linguists have in distinguishing between accent, dialect, and another language entirely, they were able to construct a loose way of distinguishing. Lippi- Green states that an accent can be determined by difference in phonological features alone, dialect can be determined by difference in syntax, lexicon, and semantics alone, and when all of these aspects are different from the original language it is considered another language entirely (Lippi-Green, 2012).
most spoken language in the world . Without this major changes , India would have been left in time , different from the modern world for many years until the British or any other developed country would have deflated in showing interest into colonizing the country.
Not all individuals who speak a specific language communicate that language in the exact same way. A language may be divided into several diverse dialects. Three things are required for a brand new tongue to evolve: the passage of time, a collection of individuals that live near each other, and the segregation of this group from other groups.
On the 24th of April 1998, at Bracken Library I issued a ‘Regional Standard Dialect Questionnaire’. The outcome of the survey was quite interesting and insightful when considering the issue at hand. The survey consisted of fifty random students entering the Bracken Library. These students were split into two basic categories by gender. The two groups answered multiple questions in reference to the notion of, "You hear what I’m saying" and "You know what I mean?".
When looking at dialects, it is also important to be aware of the differences between Nonstandard English and Standard English dialects. According to Ross Burdette in his article, Developing Language in the Classroom, “the language spoken in schools, media outlets and the government, tends to be what is referred to as ‘Standard English’”. This referral attempts to rid both spoken and written language of regionalism and...
The aim of this essay is to analyse the basic features of the Scouse dialect which is part of English accents and dialects which is used in Liverpool. Scouse (RP: /ˈskaʊs/; scouse: /ˈsxɑːʊs/) is an accent and non-standard speech of English found primarily in the Metropolitan county of Merseyside, and closely related to the town of Liverpool.
One of the most important factors in the British loss of control over India was the establishment of English as a unifying language. Prior to British colonisation, India was fragmented and multi-lingual, with 15 major languages and around 720 dialects. English served as a common ground for Indians, and allowed separate cultural and ethnic groups to identify with each other, something which had rarely if ever occurred before on a grand scale. Although it was mainly educated Indians of a privileged caste who spoke English, these were the most influential people in terms of acting as facilitators for nationalist ideas to be communicated throughout the populace. The publication of magazines and journals in English was also a great influence on the rise of Indian nationalism. Although most Indians received nationalist ideas orally, these journals allowed Indians who were literate in English to come into contact with the ideas of social and political reformers.
Bibliography GRADDOL, D., LEITH, D., and SWANN, J., (eds) (1996) English: history, diversity and change, Routledge in association with The Open University (course book) University College of London Phonetics department website (www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/queen2.htm) entered on 23/3/03
Analyzing dialects can be difficult due to the fact that is it hard to transcribe the pronunciation of an individual dialect because English is not spelled the same way it is pronounced. Furthermore, one person’s interpretation of spelling a dialect might not match up with another’s, so the reader might not “hear” the dialect properly. Regardless, written versions of dialects are essential to discussing dialectical differences.
Being a socio-cultural construct, language undergoes changes with change in society. This change works at two levels: at the level of words and at the level of syntax. Centuries of British rule over India resulted in changes in Punjabi language, adding new words into it which were borrowed from English. Words coming from diverse areas –such as military profession, products of industrialisation, register of law and administration and things of common usage- got included in Punjabi. Quite often these inclusions accompanied changes in word structure and stress shift. Words introduced into Punjabi from English lost their English characteristics and adopted rules of Punjabi morphology, as it happened in case of pluralisation of English words in
The English language arose from the early Anglo Saxon inhabitants in ancient England and spread to Scotland and other European countries via the British Empire and later to the United States through colonial political and economical influences. It later dispersed to other parts of the world through these same influences to become one of the leading languages of the world. It has over the years developed by adopting different dialects to create a language, which is the standard lingual Franca in many countries. The rapid growth of the English language and its adoption by different cultures across the globe is sufficient ground to make it the global language.
To understand how English became the lingua franca for the world one must begin by understanding the colonization influence of the British Empire, beginning with the Americas in the early 1600’s. Once the language itself had been somewhat established in Great Britain, although not necessarily agreed upon, the next obvious step was to take the language and the culture to new parts of the world and colonize. The British Empire set out to the Americas in two vastly different manners, yet both had major influences on the language of what soon would become America.
English spreads widely in each countries, no matter the area of region or information transfer, English becomes an important position in global language. As the specification of a global language, it essentially refers to a language that learned and spoken internationally, so English can be the most out-standing. According to the number of English-speaking calculations, English is the official language used by most countries, English is the most widely used second language in the world, and the percentage of web pages with English content is estimated to be over 50% (Crystal, 2003). Meanwhile, the history and usefulness cause English to be a global language, and they mainly influence to spread English faster in China and to bring convenience
It is one of the main languages in the world and it is the international language these days. English language is the language that faced many changes that affects in several things. For example, some changes occur in writing system, phonological system and other changes during many centuries. English language is about four stages: Old English, Middle English, Modern English, and Early Modern English. In each era, there is an affection of other tribe’s languages on English language. As an example, Germanic tribes who moved into Britain and have an impact on Old English language are (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes). In the same way, the effects of the tribes lead to have many changes in vowel system, which calls the Great Vowel Shift .In this paper, I will discuss the Great Vowel Shift and the the process of that huge change.
Even though there are advantages as well as disadvantages, the need for international language for communication, politics, economics and security is necessary and English is the best “language candidate” for that function. English is a language spread all over the world and it is used by millions and millions of speakers. According to my opinion, people should use English as a tool to communicate with all cultures but every country must keep their culture and language is a great part of it. In conclusion, language defines identity of a country and everyone should keep their language and explore others.