The cognitive triad are three forms of negative thinking that are typical of individuals with depression. These are mainly negative thoughts about the self, the world and the future (Psychological Theories of Depression). As these components interact, they are seen to interfere with normal cognitive processing. This leads to impairments in perception, memory and problem solving with the person becoming obsessed with negative thoughts. This is represented in the feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness that are seen in many depressed individuals. This can also lead to suicidal behavior, feeling like the world is not worth living in any longer. Beck also believed that people prone to depression develop an entire negative self-schema. This means …show more content…
Psychodynamic theories first came around in the mid 1800’s. This was the point when psychodynamic theorist Sigmund Freud came into the clinical picture. Sigmund Freud is considered the founder of the psychodynamic theory of psychology as well as psycho analysis. He is a very important figure head for this branch of psychology. Freud focused his entire attention to the mind. To explain his theory of psychology, he used an analogy of an iceberg. On the surface of the conscious part of our mind, including the thoughts that are the focus of our attention in the now, these are seen as the tip of the iceberg. This is what you can see, but we all know that great depths lie underneath the tip of an iceberg. These were seen as the unconscious mind. This is where the processes of most behavior are derived from. He believed that like an iceberg the most important part of the mind was that that you cannot see. Psychodynamic theorists as a whole believe that a person’s behavior, both abnormal and normal, is the result of certain underlying forces. We are conscious of only a small portion of our mind. Nevertheless, the unconscious aspects of our mind exert a tremendous influence over our conscious thoughts, emotions and behavior …show more content…
The assumptions are that there is inwardly directed anger, introjection of love object loss, severe superego demands, excessive narcissistic, oral, and anal personality needs, loss of self-esteem, and deprivation in the mother child relationship during the first year. It was first Freud’s belief, and then other psychodynamic supporters. Freud also believed that many different cases of depression were in fact biological. He stated that there had to be triggers to make these changes in the brain. One life change that he focused a large amount of research on is depression can be connected to loss or rejection by a parent early on in life. Depression is much like grief in this sense, it is a reaction to the loss of an important relationship or person. These findings are supported better than most other research in the field of psychology. But there are still room for so many questions.
Lastly I will introduce the behavioral theory of psychology. The behavioral theory of psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on people’s behaviors. This includes their actions, emotions, and thoughts. It also focuses on how the environment can shape our behaviors. The primary focus is on observational behavior and conditions through which people will learn certain behaviors. This is mainly through the processes of classical conditioning and operant
Behaviorism, or learning theory is one of three “grand theories” of human development. The focus of behaviorism is observable behavior, with no reference to mental processes. As a learning theory behaviorism, assumes that learning occurs via interactions with the environment, through the process of conditioning.
While the pervasiveness of depression in modern American Culture is apparent, the relationships between the factors that cause it are often debated. Depression, according to David Myers, is the most common disorder that causes patients to seek treatment and 17 percent of adults in the United States face depression at some point during their lifetime (Myers 621, 2013). According to the DSM-IV-Tr, as cited by Myers, a depressive episode occurs when someone shows five characteristics of depression for a period of two or more weeks. Characteristics of depression are a depressed mood for a majority of the day, diminished interest, weight loss or gain, insomnia or oversleeping, persistent lethargy, feeling of worthlessness, inappropriate guilt, difficulty
The various components of our conscious and subconscious the id, ego, and superego lives in all of us and affects what we do and think, according to Sigmund Freud. Freud was a pioneer in the field of psychology for his various theories. Arguably Freud’s most important contribution to the field of psychology is his psychodynamic theory. The studies of the differences in the conscious and subconscious within what we think and what we do. Freud’s theories may be outdated having been developed in the early twentieth century, but concerning his psychodynamic theory it has been the foundation for many more psychologist to develop their own theories and ideas. Thus, making the study of Freud’s psychodynamic theory imperative for us as a society to study for future generations.
In 1913 a new movement in psychology appeared, Behaviorism. “Introduced by John Broadus Watson when he published the classic article Psychology as the behaviorist views it.” Consequently, Behaviorism (also called the behaviorist approach) was the primary paradigm in psychology between 1920 to 1950 and is based on a number of underlying ‘rules’: Psychology should be seen as a science; Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internal events, like thinking and emotion; People have no free will – a person’s environment determines their behavior; Behavior is the result of stimulus resulting in a response; and All behavior is learned from the environment. How we process these stimuli and learn from our surrounds
The other types of psychological theory is behavioral, cognitive, developmental, humanist, personality, social psychology, and learning theory. Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Cognitive theories of psychology are focused on internal states, such as motivation, problem solving, decision-making, thinking, and attention. Theories of development provide a framework for thinking about human growth, development, and learning. Humanistic psychology theories began to grow in popularity during the 1950s. While earlier theories often focused on abnormal behavior and psychological problems, humanist theories instead emphasized the basic goodness of human beings. Personality psychology looks at the patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior that make a person unique. Some of the best known theories in psychology are devoted to the subject of personality. Social psychology is focused on helping us understand and explain social behavior. Social theories are generally centered on specific social phenomena, including...
Many of the important findings in psychology from the behavioral theory later evolving into the social learning theory or cognitive social learning theory. Behavior therapists used to believe that actions were responses to stimuli that were learned. This concept led to a broadening of psychology. Many groups that were often overlooked by psychologists until behavior therapy became the dominant school of psychology in the U.S. after the 1960's.
What is depression? According to the American Psychological Association (2014), “Depression is more than just sadness. People with depression may experience a lack of interest and pleasure in daily activities, significant weight loss or gain, insomnia or excessive sleeping, lack of energy, inability to concentrate, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. Depression is the most common menta...
The psychodynamics theory which was introduced by Freud to understand the human mind and psyche, reached a new level in the continuous analysis from therapists. Psychodynamics originally has been explained as a study of various psychological forces that affect human behavior which is related to early experiences. It specifically discusses the connection between the conscious and subconscious motivations. The theory was further analyzed and developed by Melanie Klein, Carl Jung and Alfred Adler. Based on the theory, the psychodynamic therapy evolved to help patients through psychoanalysis. With time other therapies like individual, group and family therapy evolved to offer treatment by understanding the present day complexities in more detail. The main aim of the therapy is self –awareness through identifying the various influences of many past events in life. The therapies are continuously evolving since it was introduced by Freud to help in solving a variety of psychological disorders within people.
To begin, one of the most famous and influential thinkers from the last century is known as Sigmund Freud and he is also the father of Psychoanalytic Theory. He has comes to believe that our behavior is influenced by our thoughts and motivation outside of our consciousness. All that we experience during our
This theory is a social construction, just as all theories are, of Freud’s own experience. It is important to understand this, and to take the good with the bad. Analysis of the Psychodynamic Theory The main issue with the psychodynamic theory is that it is based on very subjective and quantitative aspects. The internalization of the human mind is not something that can be easily or quantitatively studied.
The psychodynamic approach lends itself to being a controversial yet highly influential theory in the history of psychology. The theory has become one of the most significant psychological approaches and its originator, Sigmund Freud, has become a major influence in modern psychology. The psychodynamic approach largely focuses on motivation and past experiences which develop and individual’s personality. Freud used the iceberg metaphor to outline the three states of consciousness and argued that only twenty percent of the mind represents the conscious. In addition he theorised that there was a pre-conscious mind which represents general memory. Finally, the unconscious mind which is essentially the reservoir of repressed or hidden experiences and desire.
The psychodynamic theory focuses on the unconscious mind. Freud’s credence is that different mental forces operate in the mind. The unconscious mind can be described as being like an iceberg. The tip of the iceberg represents the part of the mind that is conscious, everyday thoughts. The iceberg just below the water’s surface represents the pre conscious, thoughts and information that can be retrieved easily. And finally the base of the iceberg is the unconscious part of the mind where fears, traumas and bad experiences are contained, almost impossible to retrieve.
Behavioral theory enjoyed immense success and became a predominant mode of thought in psychology for quite a while. Behaviorism maintained that behavior was a result of an organism’s interaction with the environment, and was concerned with observable behavior, rather than internal events such as introspection (Hergenhahn & Henley, 2014). Bandura agreed with
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), is the founder of the psychodynamic approach. He proposed that human behaviour is influenced by unconscious thoughts, formed in early development and childhood (Gross 2005) and that all behaviour has a cause or reason, meaning the unconscious part of the mind to be constant conflict with the conscious (McLeod 2015). Freud put forward the theory that human consciousness is made up of three parts, the tripartite personality, consisting of the id, ego and super ego (Gross 2005). Freud
Hence, behavioral theory main focus is the behavior of the individual. The theory focuses on the positive and negative reinforcement. While, cognitive theory focuses more on the reasoning and consequences, while seeking to change the way one thinks about the actions. Behavioral theory seeks to change the way you act in the situation which will change the situation altogether. The consequences in cognitive therapy are reinforcements in behavioral theory. Meichenbaum (2000) found that cognitions can act as conditioners of behavior, which influences behavior change. Clients can be helped to restructure their cognitions, which can result in behavior