Portugal’s journey to democracy started in 1910 by first attempt of the Portuguese people to establish the country as a democracy. Before 5 October 1910, Portugal was ruled by the principles of constitutional monarchy. However, a putsch lead by the Portuguese Republican Party established the First Republic by abolishing the constitutional monarchy regime. The constitution that was adopted inaugurated parliamentary regime with a president as a head of state. Unfortunately, the republican regime lasted for only 16 years which were exceptionally unstable and disordered; 45 different cabinets were in power, of which four were dismissed by military coups.
A military dictatorship replaced the republican regime by pledging order and stability, which the republican regime was significantly lacking. António de Oliveira Salazar became the Prime Minister in 1932 and established an autocratic regime that essentially functioned by repressing and monitoring political opponents with a help of secret state policed called PIDE. Nevertheless, Salazar was a talented economist who managed to eliminate...
...he lower class had their agenda on mind, and even disrupted the campaign of Allende in order to do so. Allende was then forced to deal with situations he should never have had to, thus hurting his political status with the working class because he could never deliver the results they wanted all the time.
Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina is without a doubt one of the most known figures within the Dominican history. The “Era de Trujillo” (The Trujillo Era) occupied the Dominican Republic for the long period of thirty-one years. His dictatorship started in 1930 and ended with his assassination on May 30, 1961. Trujillo’s Career began with the occupation of the United States in 1916. During this time he was trained in a military school, and became part of the National Police, a military group made by the Unites States to maintain order in the Dominican Republic . Trujillo stood out during his military career and rapidly ascended within the military ranges. Under the government of Horatio Vasquez Trujillo received the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and was put in charge of chiefs and assistant commanders of the National Police . This new position gave him the opportunity to be part of the overthrowing of Horatio Vasquez. Trujillo was sworn into presidency on August 16, 1930. Marking the beginning of what is known as the cruel, violent and controversial part of history in the Dominican Republic.
...ed the economy ended and allowed the economy to grow. FHC became president in January 1995 and was able to initiate more changes. During his eight years in office, education and healthcare dramatically improved. Students attending high school and colleges increased while the drop out rate decreased. Infant mortality rate decreased as well as the number of deaths from AIDS reduced. On January 1, 2003 FHC passed his power over to his successor, Lula. Lula’s eight years in office have been called the most corrupt in Brazil’s history as a republic. His excessive drinking and abuse of power (almost like a dictator) has led to some criticism but as far as most Brazilians are concerned, most fault lies with Congress and cabinet ministers. Overall, during Lula’s term income grew, distribution of wealth improved significantly, and the hyperinflation was completely rid of.
Let me provide some background and supporting information as I give my reasoning about the insurgency rise in his presidency. Rafael Trujillo rose to through the ranks in the Dominican Republic military and was trained by the United States Marines that occupied the country during the World War I era. Rafael Trujillo made such a great impression according to Diederich Bernard he stated, “Seeing opportunity, Trujillo impressed the recruiters and won promotion from lieutenant to general and commander-in chief of the Army in only nine years”. Rafael Trujillo used insurgency in a many ways to overthrow the Dominican Republic government within his boarders, especially using subversion as one of his best
The caudillo system established in Latin America after the wars for independence consisted of unstable transitional governments that achieved few of the goals recognized in an effective democratic government. Despite these shortcomings, the caudillo system maintained a predictable social order and prevented chaos. This system was the best available until the formation of a middle class could be achieved, resulting in a more democratic political system.
Vicente Guerrero, became president in 1829, but was shot and killed in 1831 by forces led by conservative political and military leader Anastasio Bustamante. Revolt followed revolt until 1833, when Antonio López de Santa Anna was elected president.
It all began with Jose Efrain Rios Montt, the president/dictator of the time. Rios Montt was born on June 16, 1926, in the small town of Huehuetenango, Guatemala (The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica). In 1943, Rios Montt joined the Guatemalan army where he rose to the rank of a brigadier general (1). After serving as director of the Inter-American Defense College in Washington, D.C., in 1973, he returned to Guatemala and ran unsuccessfully for president as the candidate of the National Opposition Front (Frente Nacional de Oposición;...
“In September 1933 he organized the “sergeants’ revolt”; it toppled the provisional regime of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, which had replaced the dictatorial regime of Gerardo Machado y Morales” (The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica 1).”Carlos Prío Socarrás in March 1952, was widely welcomed. But he returned as a brutal dictator, controlling the university, the press, and the Congress, and he embezzled huge sums from the soaring economy. In 1954 and ’58 the country held presidential elections that, though purportedly “free,” were manipulated to make Batista the sole candidate”(The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica 1).“Faced with the collapse of his regime and with the growing discontent of his supporters, Batista fled with his family to the Dominican Republic on January 1, 1959”(The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica 1).Bastia ruled totalitarian rule, jailing anyone against him, using terrorist methods, and getting cash for him and his friends(The Editors ...
All throughout the 20th century we can observe the marked presence of totalitarian regimes and governments in Latin America. Countries like Cuba, Chile, Brazil, Argentina, Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic all suffered under the merciless rule of dictators and military leaders. Yet the latter country, the Dominican Republic, experienced a unique variation of these popular dictatorships, one that in the eyes of the world of those times was great, but in the eyes of the Dominicans, was nothing short of deadly.
The Estado Novo, also referred to as the Second Republic, is a key part to Portuguese history in the 20th Century. It was a right leaning, conservative regime, led by the corporatist, authoritarian dictator António de Oliviera Salazar; established in 1933 and lasting until 1974. The First Republic had been and unsuccessful, unstable, Republican democracy, and had been overthrown by a coup d’état in May 1926, which led to the evolution of the ‘Ditadura Nacional’ which eventually progressed to become the Estado Novo. The incorporation of the significance of the role of the Catholic Church and fascism is difficult to evaluate as Salazar’s regime ‘continued about equal blends of Roman Catholic principles and Mussolini-like fascism’ .
People get used to changing if the change was slow. From 1630-1700 there was not any true and pure democracy, but there were democratic ideals. These ideas were the small changes that brought about the hope of a future democratic world. In Brazil, during this time you would think there is absolutely no type of democracy or democratic ideals because there is slavery, and one of the main ideas of democracy is that everyone is treated equally. In Salem there was a completely different way on how people would assume there was not any democracy, the witch trial did kill a significant amount of people; although they did kill these people there were ideals that were democratic although not used in a true and pure democratic way, were at their base roots democratic ideals.
The history of political instability in Mexico and its need for revolution is very complex and dates back to the colonization of Mexico by the Spaniards in the 1500s. However, many aspects of the social situation of Mexico when the Revolution broke out can be attributed to the thirty-year dictatorship of President Porfrio Diaz, prior to 1911. The Revolution began in November of 1910 in an effort to overthrow the Diaz dictatorship. Under the Diaz presidency, a small minority of people, primarily relatives and friends, were in ...
Spain was once of the powerful nations in Europe. However, by the 20th century it was poor and backwards country where corruption was experienced on a commonly basis. After losing its overseas possessions Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico and Philippines during the Spanish-American War Spain was in a state of political tension due extreme measures of wealth, poverty and clearly social tensions. Essentially Spain was a deeply divided country during this time although it was a constitutional monarchy during 1920. During this year King Alfonso XIII remained as the royal figurehead however, Miguel Primo de Rivera was the dictator. The tension was between the right-wing Nationalists and left-wing Republican parties. The nationalist’s party was made up of monarchists, landowners, employers, the Roman Catholic Church and the army. The Republicans consisted of the workers, trade unions, socialists, and peasants. The nationalists were described as traditionalists and fascists, while the republicans were socialists and communists. The real political tension started occurring post 1930 when growing opposition to Miguel Primo de Rivera right-wing government started growing rapidly and leading to his resignation. Miguel Primo de Rivera was not able to solve Spain’s financial disaster from the result of the Great Depression, where unemployment rates increased drastically and Rivera never provided any solutions. Miguel was so unsuccessful throughout his dictatorship even the army refused to support his dictatorship. This then concluded in republican receiving the majority of the election votes, throwing out King Alfonso XIII the following year. The abdication of the King was the turning point; where Spain was now considered the Republic of Spa...
Under King Emanuel, Portuguese power reached its height. From 1497 to 1499 Vasco da Gama made the first voyage to India following the route discovered by Dias, and inaugurated a lucrative trade in spices and other luxuries between Europe and South Asia. Led by Afonso de Albuquerque, the Portuguese occupied Goa, India, in 1510, Malacca (now Melaka, Malaysia) in 1511, the Moluccas (in present-day Indonesia) in 1512-14, and Hormuz Island in the Persian Gulf in 1515. During the same period they opened up trade with China and established relations with Ethiopia. As other Portuguese kings had done, Emanuel dreamed of uniting Portugal and Spain under his rule and successively married two daughters of King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella I. Under pressure from his Spanish relations, he followed their example by expelling Jews and Muslims from his domains in 1497, thus depriving Portugal of much of its middle class. His son, John III, promoted the settlement of Brazil and (again influenced by the example of Spain) introduced (1536) the Inquisition into Portugal to enforce religious uniformity. By the time he died in 1557, Portugal had begun to decline as a political and commercial power. This trend continued under King Sebastian, who was killed during another expedition against Morocco in 1578. On the death of his successor, King Henry, in 1580, the Aviz dynasty came to an end.
Upon the examination of the brazilian populist movement, the transformation of a society from an agrarian to an industrialized society presented a lot of challenges to the people. The citizens faced a hard time in the transition stages and poverty was rampant. Populist leaders, by empathizing and identifying with the common citizens, gained an almost cultic following among the poor and the middle class. The demise of populist politics in Brazil came through the hands of the military, after the 1964 takeover. Ten years later, the military relaxed its reins and allowed for more public participation. Nevertheless, Populism and La Moral have left their mark in politics, history, economy and social life.