The Estado Novo, also referred to as the Second Republic, is a key part to Portuguese history in the 20th Century. It was a right leaning, conservative regime, led by the corporatist, authoritarian dictator António de Oliviera Salazar; established in 1933 and lasting until 1974. The First Republic had been and unsuccessful, unstable, Republican democracy, and had been overthrown by a coup d’état in May 1926, which led to the evolution of the ‘Ditadura Nacional’ which eventually progressed to become the Estado Novo. The incorporation of the significance of the role of the Catholic Church and fascism is difficult to evaluate as Salazar’s regime ‘continued about equal blends of Roman Catholic principles and Mussolini-like fascism’ .
Salazar’s Catholic background is truly crucial to understanding his ruling and dictatorship; this was mainly why the Catholic Church experienced a revitalisation through his ruling and the Estado Novo era in Portugal from 1933-1974. Salazar himself was deeply religious and was completely infused with Roman Catholic principles and beliefs, being an avud member of the Centro Católico Português (CCP) hence why ‘the family, the parish and Christianity’ were said to be the foundations of the Estado Novo. His intentions were to cleanse and regenerate the nation through ‘a significant re-evaluation of the nature of relations between the State and the Catholic Church’ A significant connection he had to the Christian Church started through his friendship and close relationship with Maunel Gonçalves Cerejeira during his time at the University of Coimbra, as he was to become the de facto cardinal patriarch of Lisbon, as Salazar would come to use the Church in order to forward his regime, as his constitution was in...
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...een the New State and the Church was not valued.
The other aspect of the question is regarding the Fascist side to Salazar’s regime, which is difficult to explore, as Salazar did embrace certain aspects of previous fascist regimes such as an imitation of the Hitler Youth, the Italian Blackshirts and the Gestapo . Salazar’s was a ‘fascism devoid of a fascist movement’ as in fact it was developed as an authoritarian regime, which is very right wing, like fascism. And through the introduction of concentration camps, the expulsion or execution of opposition to the regime and censorship being introduced, Portugal very much started to mirror the beginnings of Nazi Germany under Hitler’s power. The difference though was that the Estado Novo lacked a sense of expansionism, lacked a charismatic leader, a party structure and there was very limited use of terror and violence.
Models for post-revolutionary Latin American government are born of the complex economic and social realities of 17th and 18th century Europe. From the momentum of the Enlightenment came major political rebellions of the elite class against entrenched national monarchies and systems of power. Within this time period of elitist revolt and intensive political restructuring, the fundamental basis for both liberal and conservative ideology was driven deep into Latin American soil. However, as neither ideology sought to fulfill or even recognize the needs or rights of mestizo people under government rule, the initial liberal doctrine pervading Latin American nations perpetuated racism and economic exploitation, and paved the way for all-consuming, cultural wars in the centuries to come.
In the early 1930’s, the Dominican Republic elected a new president by the name of Rafael Trujillo. Rafael Trujillo was a ruthless and selfish dictator even before he won the election. To win the election, he used his connections to kill supporters of the opposing candidates. Rafael Trujillo used his powers to oppress and murder masses of people (2 ”Rafael Trujillo”). Even though he was initially seen as a beneficial leader, Rafael Trujillo was proven to be an evil dictator.
The passage from Bernal Díaz del Castillo’s The True History of the Conquest of New Spain is a clear example of a narrative source. Díaz is presenting his personal account of Hernan Cortes’s expedition into Tenochtitlan. An interesting aspect of this narrative is that it was written almost 50 years after the events described occurred . Bernal Díaz del Castillo was only 24 years old when on November 8, 1519 he and the rest of Hernán Cortés’s expedition first entered the city of Tenochtitlán . He did not finish his account, titled The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, which many suspect was intended as a slight to Francisco López de Gómara’s accounts of the expeditions , until 1567 . This was not his first travel to the New World, in fact, it was his fourth . Díaz del Castillo was 19 years old the first time he traveled to the Americas, this time was to Panama . Díaz later became a governor in Guatemala, mostly as a reward for his actions as a conquistador . The event that is commonly seen as spurring the not-well-educated Bernal Díaz del Castillo to write of his experiences with Cortés was the publication of Francisco López de Gómara’s Coleccion de historiadores primitivos de las Indias Occidentales, which Díaz saw as seriously flawed and underappreciating the work of the conquistadors . The book this passage comes from languished on shelves until it was published in 1632, posthumously .
Slide 3- once Queen Isabel died in 1504 and Ferdinand died in1516 there was a power struggle between the families. Charles V and queen Isabel of Portugal took over and immediately had to make political alliances as soon as possible. What better way then conquering new land and people?
Crassweller, Robert D. Trujillo: The life and times of a Caribbean dictator. New York: Macmillan.1966.
Francisco Franco (1892-1975) was a lifelong military leader. He rose through the ranks until the early 1930s, when he found himself, a right-wing monarchist, in the middle of a left-wing republic. He was demoted, but later rose up again, and by 1935 he had been named chief of staff of the Spanish Army, a position he used to get rid of left-wing figures and their military institutions. When the left- wing social and economic structure of Spain began to fall, Franco joined the rebellion. He soon led an uprising and took control of Spain after the Spanish Civil War (1939). From then unti...
Samuel Preus’s article “Machiavelli’s Functional Analysis of Religion: Context and Object”, written in 1979, places Machiavelli’s “understanding of religion as typical” in Renaissance Florence. He argues that for Machiavelli, “religion was something that demanded scrupulous attention, but its importance derived from its impact on the causes of men’s actions, not from its truths.” Machiavelli’s “religion” was a broad term embracing all human attitudes and actions occurring with reference to a divine order… “Depending on circumstances, religion could function as social glue or lubricant in others when Machiavelli wished to inaugurate new laws.” Machiavelli argued that religion should not only maintain the status quo, but could also be called upon to authorize major innovations and new institutions. Machiavelli’s attack on the pope in the Discourses places him in close proximity to the Reformers, making Machiavelli almost a pre-Reformer. The religion the Papacy offered, subverted Florentine republicanism and liberty. Preus sums up his article by naming Machiavelli a methodological atheist and his writings on God and religion fall into the ironic trend of Machiavellian
[10] “Havana’s Policy in Africa, 1959-76: New Evidence from the Cuban Archives” by Piero Gleijeses, CWIHP Document Library.
In this paper we will be talking about how Spain and Portugal conquered the Americas, their relationship between the economy, their education system, and their present day relationship. Throughout the paper you will start to realize that Spain and Portugal are very similar countries, maybe due to the fact that they’re both European counties. They have the same educational system, and government system. Spain and Portugal have a long history; they go all the way back to the1492 .Which is when Columbus first started his voyage to explore the West, which ended up in an argument over the land. Spain and Portugal worked as a team to conquer the Americas. In today’s world Portugal and Spain work together when it comes to drug trafficking and forest fires. They also seem to be good allies to one another, they share the same currency and both have high unemployment percentage.
Francisco Franco was born of humble beginnings in 1892, the son of a Navy paymaster. Although his mother descended from Portuguese royalty, he did not have the luxuries of life typically available to those reaching such high social and political standings. Though his professional expectations laid his future out for him, external elements changed his life’s direction. He was expected to follow his father’s example and enter the Navy. However, this changed when the naval academy temporarily closed to officer candidates because of the end of the Spanish-American War providing a surplus of officers. When he could not enter the Navy, he entered the Army. This shows how politically related events changed his life unexpectedly.
Whitney, Robert. "The Architect of the Cuban State: Fulgencio Batista and Populism in Cuba, 1937-1940." Journal of Latin American Studies 32.2 (2000): 435-59. JSTOR. Web. 24 May 2014. .
The Conquest of New Spain Cortés came not to the New World to conquer by force, but by manipulation. Bernal Daz del Castillo, in the "Conquest of New Spain," describes how Cortés and his soldiers manipulated the Aztec people and their king Montezuma from the time they traveled from Iztapalaopa to the time when Montezuma took Cortés to the top of the great Cue and showed him the whole of Mexico and its countryside, and the three causeways which led into Mexico. Castillo's purpose for recording the mission was to keep an account of the wealth of Montezuma and Mexico, the traditions, and the economic potential that could benefit Cortés' upcoming conquest. However, through these recordings, we are able to see and understand Cortés' strategy in making Mexico "New Spain." He came as a wolf in sheep's clothing and manipulated Montezuma through his apparent innocence.
“A formal public commitment to legal racial equality, for example, had been the price of mass support for Latin American’s independence movements. In the generation following independence, the various mixed-race classifications typical of the caste system were optimistically banished from census forms and parish record keeping.” This was meant to make all slaves citizens, equal to all other citizens. Slavery receded in Latin America, except in non-republican Brazil, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. However, Brazil’s pursuit of independence was the least violent and provoked the least amount of change. The case of Brazil suggests that retention of colonial institutions such as monarchies lent to stability. “Brazil had retained a European dynasty; a nobility of dukes, counts, and barons sporting coats of arms; a tight relationship between church and state; and a full commitment to the institution of chattel slavery, in which some people worked others to death.”
Spain was once of the powerful nations in Europe. However, by the 20th century it was poor and backwards country where corruption was experienced on a commonly basis. After losing its overseas possessions Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico and Philippines during the Spanish-American War Spain was in a state of political tension due extreme measures of wealth, poverty and clearly social tensions. Essentially Spain was a deeply divided country during this time although it was a constitutional monarchy during 1920. During this year King Alfonso XIII remained as the royal figurehead however, Miguel Primo de Rivera was the dictator. The tension was between the right-wing Nationalists and left-wing Republican parties. The nationalist’s party was made up of monarchists, landowners, employers, the Roman Catholic Church and the army. The Republicans consisted of the workers, trade unions, socialists, and peasants. The nationalists were described as traditionalists and fascists, while the republicans were socialists and communists. The real political tension started occurring post 1930 when growing opposition to Miguel Primo de Rivera right-wing government started growing rapidly and leading to his resignation. Miguel Primo de Rivera was not able to solve Spain’s financial disaster from the result of the Great Depression, where unemployment rates increased drastically and Rivera never provided any solutions. Miguel was so unsuccessful throughout his dictatorship even the army refused to support his dictatorship. This then concluded in republican receiving the majority of the election votes, throwing out King Alfonso XIII the following year. The abdication of the King was the turning point; where Spain was now considered the Republic of Spa...
They, however, saw the cause of the “broken machine” from a different view compared to those in Brasilia. They see the “neoliberal present” as the causation for the hardships and corruption that exists in Northeast Brazil (Ansell, 98). These agents, although having different perspectives, played into the direction of the high-level officials. By challenging the traditional patronage systems that existed and pursued events that relied heavily on the townspeople’s participation, they continued the agenda of those in Brasilia without much consideration to the local