Heart failure is The pathophysiology of heart failure is that there is not enough force to circulate blood to perfuse the tissues adequately (McCance, 2014). There can be a left sided heart failure or right sided heart failure. Left sided heart failure can either have reduced or preserved ejection fraction, which is a measurement of how well the heart pumps (McCance, 2014). Left sided heart failure is how well the heart is able to pump blood away from the heart, right sided is how well the blood is pumped back through the heart after perfusion. In the case study that is presented, the condition that is affecting the patient, Mr. T is experiencing is total heart failure. According to the Mayo Clinic, left sided heart failure symptoms relate to pulmonary fluid, that causes shortness of air (2015). The right sided symptoms are associated …show more content…
The sodium is low, normal range for sodium is 135-145, the patient is 131. The low sodium could account for the kidneys retaining water and salt from the activation of the RAAS directed related to the decreased blood flow to the kidneys (McCance, 2014). The BUN is high, normal range 7-22, that patient is 50. The creatine is elevated as well, 2.3, normal range is 0.8-1.4. Creatnine and BUN are indicative of kidney injury (McCance, 2014). "Creatnine level usually increases with decreased renal blood flow" (McCance, 2014, p.1361). Glucose is slightly increased at 131, with less than 120 expected. McCance describes insulin resistance as a contributor and complication of heart failure (2014). "Insulin resistance causes abnormal myocyte fatty acid metabolism and generation of ATP, which contributes to decreased myocardial contractility and remodeling." (McCance, 2014, p. 1178). The effect of the decreased contractibility is that the heart is not able to contract or pump adequately. The increased glucose could be indicative of insulin
report is to provide an overview of chronic heart failure, examining signs symptoms and treatment related to the case study, and the anatomy and physiology of the heart will be discussed, and the pathophysiology of chronic heart failure. The size of the heart is approximately the size of a persons closed fist. The weight is less than a pound, the heart is snugly enclosed within the Infer mediastinum, and the medial section of the thoracic cavity, the heart is flanked on each side by the lungs (Marieb
When looking at Dr. Maxwell’s case, it is evident that he is a clear victim of congestive heart failure. Dr. Maxwell’s medical history is the first piece of evidence that he has congestive heart failure. In fact, his medical history is very consistent with the pathophysiology of the disease. According to the Nelms et. al., pre- existing health issues are what lead to the initiation of this disease. 1 Comparing this to Dr. Maxwell’s medical history, we see that he has a long-standing history of coronary
reninangiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system (Foex & Sear, 2004). This research paper aims to study the dysfunction of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in pathophysiology of hypertension and the effects of an antihypertensive drug, losartan on the angiotensin II type 1 receptors in response to the disease. Pathophysiology of hypertension Renin is a type of protein enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys when the blood pressure is low in the arteriole. It is produced
Diagnosis: Left-Sided Heart Failure Left-sided heart failure is the most common type of heart failure, and it is a result of left-ventricular dysfunction. This disease poses a significant threat to patients because the primary function of the left side of the heart is to provide sufficient oxygenated blood to satisfy the metabolic demands of the body’s cells. Understanding the main function of this portion of the heart will help with the understanding of other complications associated with this diseased
The aim of this scenario-based assignment is to discuss the therapeutic intervention in the care of a patient with Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF). A brief summary of the patient’s medical history will be given while discussing one specific nursing problem in terms of heart rate/ rhythm. Also, an overview of aetiology will be given as well as pathophysiology in order to explain the rationale for treatment and monitoring. Relevant research relating to the literature will be utilised throughout in
atria can cause cerebrovascular accidents, which can be devastating to the affected individuals and their families. Even over the short course of my clinical experience thus far, various consultants have asked my colleagues and I about the pathophysiology of AF, the causes of AF and most have been asked to describe the rhythm of the pulse of AF. Hospital doctors do not have to look far to find a patient with the often symptom less disorder, and quiz medical students on it. A study conducted in
These causes will change the heart significantly. The pathophysiology of heart failure is described differently as: (1) an oedematous disorder, by means of which the deviations in renal hemodynamics and excretory ability lead to salt and water holding; (2) a hemodynamic disorder, considered by peripheral vasoconstriction and decreased cardiac output; (3) a neurohormonal disorder, mainly by stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and adrenergic nervous system; (4) an inflammatory
Sharon Wilkins South University Pathophysiology April Dr. Giner Dr. Ally, a 49-year-old professor, has been diagnosed with essential hypertension 12 years ago and was on antihypertensive drugs. However, he did not take his medications last year because he was feeling just fine. In addition, he was very busy with work. Nevertheless, he felt tired after work and developed dyspnea while climbing the stairs. Recently, he had a bout of epistaxis (severe nose bleed) with dizziness and
Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical pathological syndrome characterised by symptom of shortness of breath , fatigue and the sign of rales on chest ascultation and peripheral pitting oedema also termed as sign of congestion. It is caused by the structural and functional diffect of the heart(1) . It is initally characterised by the dysfunction of the levt ventricle which lead to impairing the filling functin of the ventricles or unable to produce enough contractility of the left ventricle
Hypertension is a medical condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. (Nordqvist 2013) Hypertension is commonly known as high blood pressure. If hypertension is left untreated, it can cause severe health problems such as stroke and heart failure. In order to treat hypertension, the drug Losartan is used. Losartan is an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist (AIIRA). In other words, it can also be known as angiotensin receptor blocker. (Allen 2012) There are generally two categories of hypertension
She used her empirical knowing of anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology make an inference that allowing his bowels and GI system to rest was important to decrease the inflammation, pain and discomfort. This empirical knowing was also evident in her knowledge of type II diabetes and nutritional management. She knew
with mechanical heart valves and recurrent MI (2.5-3.5). So this patient needs to be put on an anticoagulant therapy since his INR is low at 1.1. As far as the BNP goes knowledge of each individual patient 's BNP range may be more useful that using similar cut-points for every patient. Marked elevation in BNP levels may be observed in states other than left ventricular congestive failure, including: acute coronary syndrome, right heart strain/failure, critical illness, renal failure as well as advanced
Chronic venous insufficiency and deep venous thrombosis are both alterations of cardiovascular function. In this assignment, the differences, similarities, and pathophysiology of both diseases will be addressed. While advance practice nurses might occur patients that has a diagnoses of deep vein thrombus or chronic venous insufficiency, they must have the ability to distinguish these disorders from other possible disorders. By ruling out other disorders, this allows the advanced practice nurse to
Explain the pathophysiology of acute renal failure. Include prerenal intrarenal and postrenal causes. According to the Mayo Clinic Staff (2012), acute kidney renal failure occurs abruptly when your kidneys lose their filtering abilities and cannot filter waste products from your blood. This is also known as acute renal failure or acute kidney injury. When this happens, high levels of waste may become accumulated in your blood and will alter your bloods chemical make up causing them to get out
acute myocardial infarction. 2. What is the underlying cause /pathophysiology of this concern? Myocardial infarctions are caused by vascular endothelial disruption most often associated with plaque build-up or atherosclerosis that develops over several years and causes thrombus formation which in turn