Down syndrome is a variance in chromosome 21 that manifests with cognitive delay, muscle hypotonia, characteristic facies, and short stature. (Glanzman, 2015 & Powell-Hamilton, 2012) The genetic disorder was named after the Physician John Langdon Down, who had originally in 1866 labeled those with the genetic abnormality as “Mongoloids”; Down indicated his choice of term for the children because of their appearance was allegedly similar to those from Mongolia and at the time it was believed that those who were of Mongolian decent were to have halted development. The derogatory name for those with the Chromosome 21 anomaly was changed over a hundred years later in the 1960’s when it was criticized by Asian scientists. The “Mongoloids” term was dropped from the scientific community while “Down’s syndrome” took its place; in the 1970’s Down’s was revised and became Down syndrome in the United States. There are still parts of the world where the condition is still known as Down’s. (Leshin, 2003). The purpose of this paper is to outline the pathology, etiology, medical treatments, physical limitations, and physical therapy interventions for those with Down syndrome.
As of yet, the etiology of Down syndrome is idiopathic although there is a definite connection with maternal age. According to Allan M. Glanzman in Chapter 23, Genetic and Developmental Disorders, of Pathology Implications for the Physical Therapist, the overall incidence among live births is about one in 700; with the maternal age less than thirty, the risk of chromosomal abnormality is about one in 2000 births; at thirty-five to thirty-nine years of maternal age the incidence is about one in fifty; and for mothers forty and older the risk has increased to be about one ou...
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...the observation, practice, and the specificity of the on screen tasks are able to enable the children to engage the mirror neuron system to be able to mimic or apply the tasks outside the virtual reality (Wuang et al., 2010).
Even though chromosome 21 is the second most mapped chromosome, the cause of Down syndrome is still unknown. There is a connection between the maternal age and the increased incidence of the genetic disorder. At the moment there is not a cure for Down syndrome and only the associated diseases are able to be treated to make the life of the individual easier. The primary goal for both physical therapy and medical treatment intervention was to help the affected children develop to their full potential and with the aid of both, many children with Down syndrome are able to improve their lifestyles and do what children enjoy doing the most, have fun.
Down’s syndrome is a chromosomal condition that is caused by an extra 21st chromosome as there is an error in the body’s cell division. Every human has a nucleus in every cell in the body which contains genes that are grouped along with chromosomes. The normal number of
...ility, they are weak and are not as vigorous/ active as kids that don’t have down syndrome. Many kids with translocation down syndrome function differently than others because they have to deal with mental and physical problems unlike others and often need physical therapy. Not only that, kids with this disorder take intervention classes to try to improve the disorder as well as try to improve their physical, mental and intellectual abilities. Also, kids with down syndrome are slow in motor development(the ability to control one’s body movement’s). They also have verbal short-term memory loss.At school, kids with down syndrome should interact with others to build a foundation of social abilities allowing the child to be more sociable and participate in discussions in class. This will improve the level of functioning of a child with translocation down syndrome.
Griss, Susan. Minds in Motion: A Kinesthetic Approach to Teaching Elementary Curriculum. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1998.
Down syndrome is a very common disorder now a day’s, but not many know what it actually is. Down syndrome was a topic that was not as common back in that day. “John Langdon Down, an English physician, published an accurate description of a person with Down syndrome. It was this scholarly
Children with Down Syndrome have distinct physical characteristics. They are short in stature and have a small, round face with a high flattened ...
The widely popular research on mirror neurons and various applications of the research findings began with an important, but unexpected finding in the brains of macaque monkeys. The original studies did not intend to look at mirror neurons and in fact the existence of mirror neurons was found by accident. Neuroscientist Giacomo Rizzolatti and his colleagues found a group of cells that fired whenever a monkey prepared to act on a stimulus as well as when it watched another monkey act on the stimulus (Winerman, 2005). For example, the monkeys showed a similar pattern of activation when they were performing a simple motor action like grasping a peanut and when they watched another monkey perform the same action (Winerman, 2005). In other words, monkey see, monkey fire -- monkey do, monkey fire. This grouping of cells was called "mirror neurons." The ...
In 1886, physician John Langdon Down was the first scientist to identify Down syndrome. Down was the administrator of a mental institute for children in Surrey, England. From his observations and work at the institute, he was able to identify a set of children who exhibited characteristics such as short nose, broad flat face, short and broad hands, which are features commonly identified with Down syndrome. He later wrote an essay entitled “Observations of the Ethnic Classification of Idiots” in which he asserts the notion that it was possible to classify different types of health conditions through race. His essay included his now famous classification of what is today known as Down syndrome, which he categorized as the Mongol...
Many people believe, from common knowledge, that having a Down syndrome cannot be prevented and that it is genetic. This was proved w...
Down syndrome, a genetic disorder, is the most common cause for intellectual disabilities, occurring at an average of one out of every 700 births (CDS, 2006). This disorder is caused by the extra chromosome 21 (also known as Trisomy 21). According to Hassold and Sherman (2002), the probability of giving birth to a child with DS is not linked to any race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status or geographic location. Maternal age seems to be the only etiological factor that may cause DS.
"Down syndrome." South African Medical Journal 101.1 (2011): 6. Health Reference Center Academic. Web. 16 Apr. 2014.
Imagination this term raises a concern about if we are we born with this ability or we gain this ability through learning. It is argued that children learn to imagine and pretend, Rogers and Evans (2008) stated that we are not born with this ability only we have the potential for it. According to Vygotsky (1978) at the preschool age there are many unrealizable tendencies and desires emerge. He believes that if these needs are not realized immediately and...
Down Syndrome Education Online -. Education online. 1996-2013. Web. The Web. The Web.
Down syndrome is a medical condition where extra genetic material physically and mentally delays the way that a child develops (KidsHealth). Laws have been put in place to ensure that children with disabilities, including Down syndrome, are guaranteed to a free public education (National Down Syndrome Society). However, students typically at the elementary level, do not completely understand that other students with disabilities are just like them, regardless of their disability. It is more beneficial for students with down syndrome or those with other disabilities if teachers and administrators educated other students on how people with disabilities learn and function (National Down Syndrome
The definition of hand-eye coordination is the capability of the vision system to coordinate the information received through the eyes to control and direct the hands on how to function. An increase of this ability is very useful in a hands on work setting. This allows for work to be completed more efficiently and without errors. Not only does better hand-eye coordination help in the occupational setting, it also can be a useful tactic in child development (Daniel, 2011). It has been known to engage children at quicker pace because they are not forced to stop and think about the actions they are performing. With less thinking time, the children are able to absorb new information and skills at a faster
Vicarious learning, also known as observational learning, is a type of learning that includes observation, retaining information, and replicating the behavior from others. This type of learning can take place at any stage in life, however it is very important during childhood as authority plays a bigger part in children’s lives. Albert Bandura came up with the process of social learning called modeling and he gave four conditions needed for a person to suc...