Your Freedom Is Not Free

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Freedom is more than a concept, it is an ideal with varied and complex subjective interpretations. Ideas concerning the liberty of body and soul are heavily connected to the formation of individual and cultural identity in American literary history. Certain nineteenth century American writers stand out for their real-life dedication to freedom and non-conformity for seeking to free themselves from whatever shackles limited them from reaching their potentials, both literally and figuratively. Henry David Thoreau, Fredrick Douglass, and Ralph Waldo Emerson are exemplary writers of the nineteenth century who strove to articulate not only the ideas of freedom and justice, but also the means by which these ideals, which they themselves acted upon, might be realized. Thoreau's "Walden" and "Resistance to Civil Government," Douglass's "Narrative," and Emerson's "The American Scholar" are reflective, observational and hopeful works which inspire their audiences to interpret and incorporate the ideas found within to their own philosophies concerning personal and national identity.

Ralph Waldo Emerson, the oldest of the three was often referred to as "the sage of Concord." A talented poet and essayist, he put into words the need for intellectual severance from Europe. Ever the ardent non-conformist, he believed that American intellectual culture too closely relied on and echoed those of other lands, writing that, in the worst case, the American scholar was "the parrot of other men's thinking" (Emerson). He expertly and eloquently mapped out a clear, if verbose, mold into which the new, elite and singularly American intellect should fill. His essays put forth a hope which he does not believe would come to fruition in his lifetime. Eme...

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...Waldo. "THOREAU." Atlantic Monthly. Dec 2006: 298.5, 53-54. http://web.ebscohost.com.echo.louisville.edu/ehost/detail?vid=2&hid=11&sid=7518d99c-ba68-4832-b3dd-c8340c39eb73%40sessionmgr10&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=23242611

Madden, Marian C., and Edward H. "Buffs and Rebuffs: Emerson, Parker and Thoreau." Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society Winter (1994): 30.1, 1.

http://web.ebscohost.com.echo.louisville.edu/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=11&sid=9e83559b-733d-4711-a497-4487befb1f8c%40sessionmgr13&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=10092896

Matzke, Jason P."The John Brown Way: Frederick Douglass and Henry David Thoreau on the Use of Violence." Massachusetts Review; Spring2005: 46.1, 62-7.

http://web.ebscohost.com.echo.louisville.edu/ehost/pdf?vid=1&hid=11&sid=02631e5f-eaae-4419-9da4-799f6aaaa967%40sessionmgr14

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