Xenotransplants - Animal to Human Organ Transplants
explanatory Essay
1402 words
Xenotransplants - Animal to Human Organ Transplants
We should NOT risk the human race for the benefit of the few!
When asked how he feels about the advancement of science to places that were once notions to be the job of the creator, Dr. Martin Luther King replies by saying, “Cowardice asks is it safe? Expedience asks is it political? Vanity asks is it popular? But the conscience asks is it right?”
This essay is about animal to human organ transplants otherwise known as Xenotransplants. Even though this procedure is meant to save lives, it is giving rise to metaphoric Frankenstein’s monsters and putting some aspects of the Human Race at risk. This essay will discuss diseases that can jump species and cause catastrophic dangers for humans such as Ebola and AIDS which the human population has no resistance towards. I will also explore the different religious view points on Xenotransplantation.
I believe it is important to first explain what this procedure is about and how safe it is, keeping in mind the fact that four thousand people die each year waiting for human organs. So, what is Xenotransplantation? Xeno means strange or foreign. The term is used to describe a transplant between any two species of animals, including humans. Xenotransplantation usually refers to a procedure in which an organ, such as kidney or liver or live cells (such as brain cells) from a healthy animal are grafted or transplanted into a human patient. The transplanted materials are called xenotransplants or xenografts. Plus, there are certain kinds of xenotransplants which are not true transplants at all, because the animal organ or cells stay outside the patient’s body. These are called extra-corporeal (or outside the bod...
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...Christian Barnard in South Africa. Today, comical movies such as the “animal", are being made about transplants and maybe it is a way to change the attitude of the public towards such transplantations. I believe it a personal choice and should be left to the individual to decide and not the temple that they belong to. However, as humans we are changing the normal speed of evolution and destroying the natural order of nature, bad or good. Yes, we do have the technology; but do we have the right to do it? I think not!
Works Cited
Parkins, Keith “ Animal-to-Human Transplants” September 1999 http://www.heureka.clara.net/gain/x-trans.htm (5/10/2001)
“Xenotransplantation: Animal Organs to save human lives” 2000 http://dukenews.duke.edu/Med/xenobkgd.htm (5/11/2001)
Fanjoy, Sylvia “Public consultation on xenotransplantation” http://www.xeno.cpha.ca/(5/11/2001)
In this essay, the author
- Explains that xenotransplantation is a procedure in which an organ, such as kidney or liver, or live cells, are grafted or transplanted into human patients.
- Explains that the safety of xenotransplant is always an issue because it has to do with risks to the patients and other people who might come in contact with patients.
- Explains that xenotransplantation is acceptable, although unnecessary suffering to the animals should be avoided. human beings are different and of higher order than animals.
- Explains that xenotransplantation is unacceptable, although some individual buddhists may avail themselves of it dependent upon their "stage of perfection." proper ethical conduct reduces hurt and suffering in both animals and humans.
- Describes the reasons for xenotransplantation, stating that human beings have ity to rule over creation and animals.
- Explains that hindus do not believe in transplantation, and that the body must remain whole to pass into the next life.
- Explains that xenotransplantation is acceptable because the over-riding value in judaism is to save life. concerns were raised over safety, the suffering of the animals, and over interfering with the order of nature.
- Opines that xenotransplantation is acceptable, and that the jewish tradition emphasizes the preservation of life. animal suffering should be minimized.
- Explains that the consensus is that xenotransplantation would be acceptable. the minimization of animal suffering is a priority.
- Analyzes how dr. martin luther king feels about the advancement of science to places that were once notions to be the job of the creator.
- Explains that all pig cells contain pervs (pig endogenous retroviruses), which are not active and normally harmless. ebola and aids could have been retroactive viruses that entered the human body.
- Opines that xenotransplantation is not a new item in the world of science and technology.
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In this essay, the author
- Explains that xenotransplantation is the transplantation of living tissues, cells or organs from one species to another.
- Explains that xenotransplantation has three different effects on the recipient. the first is the risk of rejection.
- Explains that xenotransplantation may cause new and dangerous diseases which are undiscovered, and the risk of spreading infectious illnesses to the broader population.
665 wordsRead More - Xenotransplantation, Transgenics, and the Animal-human Boundaryanalytical essayXenotransplantation, Transgenics, and the Animal-human Boundary The progression of modern science and technology has often challenged old, time-worn notions. Nowhere does this seem truer than in biology and medicine, as these fields have changed drastically in recent decades and also relate so closely to the actual substance of how people live. One such development is what is called xenotrans-plantation or the transplantation of organs or cells across species—particularly notable when from a non-human species into a human. The very fact that the procedure is possible is telling as regards the inherently ephemeral nature of the distinction of humans from other animals.
In this essay, the author
- Argues that value is the currency of theories of ethics. it is not clear how facts about organisms provide a foundation for drawing conclusions about value and worth.
- Explains that chimera reemerge. pacific news service, 6 december 1995.
- Argues that xenotransplantation is an attractive alternative to human transplants.
- Argues that xenotransplantation becomes a practical matter as conventional transplantation, with no regard to the quintessential nature of things.
1855 wordsRead More - Xenotransplantation and Human Fetal Tissue Transplantationanalytical essayXenotransplantation and Human Fetal Tissue Transplantation ABSTRACT: The ecofeminist critique of dualism is applied to a consideration of two alternative paths that we might take in transplantation medicine: the utilization of organs and tissues taken from nonhuman animals, and/or further development of techniques for employing human organs and tissues, including human fetal tissue. It is concluded that from an evolutionary perspective, the assumption of a vast value disparity between human and nonhuman life is untenable, and from a moral point of view the establishment of yet another institution based on a dualistic opposition between human life, postulated to be of ultimate value, versus devalued, disposable "other" life is unacceptable. We are urged to forego xenotransplantation and instead take responsibility for whatever manipulations we choose, respectfully, to make with life that is already valued as "self" rather than "other. " Technological advances in biomedicine are occurring with increasing rapidity at this time in human history, far more rapidly than most of us have been able to comprehend and evaluate them.
In this essay, the author
- Argues that the ecofeminist critique of dualism is applied to a consideration of two alternative paths that we might take in transplantation medicine.
- Argues that ecofeminism addresses the linkage between self-versus-other distinction and dualistic thinking, which underlies relations of domination, oppression, and exploitation.
- Explains that xenotransplantation, the transplantation of tissues and organs from other animal species into humans, is conceived by some as the answer to the "organ shortage" problem.
- Opines that xenotransplantation is not without significant human risk, not only to the recipient of the transplanted organ, but the human community at large.
- Explains that even a transplanted human organ without immunosuppressive therapy will be met with rejection. discordant xenotransplantation is typically accompanied by hyperacute rejection, resulting in damage to or destruction of the organ within minutes after establishing its blood supply.
- Explains that transplantation of organs from nonhuman primates into humans would be considered concordant xenotransplantation, bypassing the problems of hyperacute rejection, but the potential for transmitting diseases that could infect a human host is thought to be high.
- Explains that pigs harbor multiple copies of porcine endogenous retroviruses within their genome, which can infect human cells in vitro.
- Argues that xenotransplantation carries such disease risks for the individual recipient and the human population at large.
- Argues that a revealing contrast can be drawn between our society's apparent willingness to proceed with xenotransplantation and the approach many of us take toward the manipulation and transplantation of human fetal tissue.
- Argues that ecofeminism recognizes the connections between dualistic oppression of one human group by another and the similar dualistic exploitation of "nature" by humans.
- Argues that xenotransplantation is morally unproblematic to most people living within western culture because it presents just another case of exploiting an "other" group.
- Analyzes the dangers of embracing a "centrism," distorted by dualistic thinking, and argues that utilizing, but not commodifying, that which is understood as "self" is the more beneficial choice.
- Argues that the idea that human benefits should be secured by undertaking human burdens seems to elude us.
- Argues that it's time to return to the time of shouldering what is properly "our" responsibility, even if it means breaking away from this seductive religious heteronomy.
- Explains that the figure is attributed to the united network for organ sharing, as of march 1996, and hence is likely to be even higher now.
- Cites frank morgan, "babe the magnificent organ donor?: the perils and promises surrounding xenotransplantation."
- Cites declan butler's "last chance to stop and think on risks of xenotransplants."
- Cites f. h. bach et al., "uncertainty in xenotransplantation: individual benefit versus collective risk."
- Introduces xenotransplantation problems in cooper, kemp, reemtsma, and white.
- Cites shuji hayashi, "xenotransplantation with special reference to genetic engineering," microbiology and immunology 41.
- Cites c. patience, y. takeuchi, and r. a. weiss, "infection of human cells by an endogenous retrovirus of pigs."
- Describes butler's "last chance to stop and think," 324; daar, a. s., "xenotransplants: proceed with caution."
- Cites plumwood, feminism and the mastery of nature, and warren, "the power and the promise of ecological
- Cites plumwood's book, "nature, self, and gender: feminism, environmental philosophy and the critique of rationalism."
- Cites ernst mayr's the growth of biological thought.
- Cites a. s. daar's "ethics of xenotransplantation: animal issues, consent, and like transformation of transplant ethics."
- Cites plumwood, "from rights to recognition: ecojustice and non-humans" manuscript available at the international environmental justice conference, melbourne, australia, october 1997.
- Analyzes plumwod's "androcentrism and anthrocentrism: parallels and politics," ethics and the environment 1 (1996): 119-152.
- Analyzes peter s. wenz's "just garbage" in laura westra & peter
3511 wordsRead More - The Ethics of Xenotransplantationopinionated essayXenotransplantation is the process of taking cells, parts of organs, or even whole organs from one species of animal, and implanting them into another species. The FDA has given their own definition of xenotransplantation which they say is “any procedure that involves the transplantation, implantation, or infusion into a human recipient of either live cells, tissues, or organs from a non human animal source, or human body fluids, cells, tissues or organs that have had ex vivo contact with live non human animal cells, tissues or organs.” The main interest of the practice is to be able to take organs from animals for the purpose of using them in humans in need of organ transplants. It is still a relatively new medical phenomena, with documented cases of the practice only taking place since 1906.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that xenotransplantation is the process of taking cells, parts of organs, or even whole bodies from one species of animal, and implanting them into another species.
- Explains that doctors may take risks when it comes to the research and experimentation of xenotransplantation in hopes of attaining fame and notoriety.
- Explains that researchers must take care not to violate the laws against cruelty to and abuse of animals. if people became infected with a disease because of xenotransplantation, there could be legal ramifications for the doctors who performed the suspected operation(s).
- Explains the ethical issues associated with xenotransplantation, including the possibility of infection of the organ recipients from the donor tissues, and how to decide who should be added to the transplant waiting lists.
- Explains the stake holders involved in xenotransplantation are the recipients of the organs and the doctors who perform the operation.
- Suggests stopping the research and practice of xenotransplantation and focusing on improving the success rate. they also suggest engaging in research more aggressively with less emphasis on the health of the public.
- Opines that a moderate approach to the research and experimental use of xenotransplantation that is carefully monitored would be the best approach.
- Opines that the moderate approach to the research and experimentation of xenotransplantation best respects the rights of all parties.
- Opines that the moderate approach to xenotransplantation is best for the common good and promotes the high value of human life.
- Opines that xenotransplantation research should be done at highly specialized facilities to prevent infection and the spread of any potential diseases into the general human population.
- Summarizes the center for biologics evaluation and research's "fda approach to the regulation of xenotransplantation."
- Explains that michaels, marian, "defining the risks and risk reduction strategies."
- Explains that xenotransplantation is a controversial topic that has brought up strong feelings in parties on both sides of the argument.
- Cites the transplantation society of australia and new zealand inc. and lauran neergaard. scientists urge government to ban transplants of animal organs into people.
1603 wordsRead More - The Animal in Usexplanatory essayMany people are aware of the term allotransplantation, which is when a human donates an organ such as a liver or kidney to another human. However, recently, due to the shortage of donors, xenotransplantation has been researched and used more frequently. Xenotransplantation can be defined as "using nonhuman animal cells, tissues, or organs to treat humans" (National Health and Medical Research Council 1). The idea of transplanti...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that xenotransplantation, the process of transplanting animal organs into humans through surgical processes, is a well researched project.
- Explains that pigs have more advantages than the baboon, since they live in a wild, uncontrolled microbiological environment.
- Explains that pigs are safer and easier to experiment with because they breed quickly, are easy to genetically engineer due to the "considerable" experience listed and are at low risk of transferring infections.
- Explains that xenotransplantation has been researched and used more frequently due to the shortage of donors.
990 wordsRead More - Negative Effects Of Xenotransplantationexplanatory essayXenotransplantation will not only extend lives, but it will help balance the supply and demand for human organ donations. Thousands of people die every year because they are forced to wait on the transplant list and don’t live long enough to get the organ they need. The temporary use of animal organs can extend a person’s life long enough for them to get the organ they need and get a transplant. There is also such a high demand for organs and not enough to satisfy that demand. The use of animal organs can be used as a viable replacement to extend lives long term. The process of xenotransplantation is when a whole organ or tissue is transferred surgically from one living species to
In this essay, the author
- Opines that xenotransplantation could help extend lives long enough to get a human organ in hand. it reduces the opportunities for organ donations on the black market and opens the opportunity for new areas of research.
- Explains the process of xenotransplantation, where a whole organ or tissue is transferred surgically from one living species to another due to the scarcity of healthy vital organs.
- Explains that humans share 99 percent of genetics with chimpanzees, so their organs are less likely to cause a rejection when used to replace an organ. transgenic pigs contain parts of the human immune system.
- Explains that the selling of human organs on the black market is a large, hidden business. the problem has become worse over the years due to exploitation.
- Opines that the use of animal organs as donors also opens the possibility for new areas of research.
- Describes the trials and tribulations of baby fae, the two-week-old baby girl who had undergone transplantation due to her being born with a heart defect known as left hypoplastic heart.
781 wordsRead More - Xenotransplantation Persuasive Speechexplanatory essayIn the world we’re living in today, many kinds of diseases, infections, and viruses are continuously arising. At the same time, scientists are untiringly researching about how we can prevent or cure them. Unfortunately, millions of people have been affected and sick that some of their organs fail that results to the need of organ replacement. Many people have died because no organs have been available to provide the need of organ replacements. The shortage of organ replacement has been a bioethical issue since then and it seems like no solution has been available. However, due to the studies scientists have been conducting, they found the most possible answer to this issue – Xenotransplantation. It hasn’t become very popular all over the
In this essay, the author
- Explains that millions of people have been affected and sick that some of their organs fail that results in the need of organ replacement. xenotransplantation is the most awaited solution to this issue.
- Explains xenotransplantation, as defined by health canada, is the transfer of living cells, tissues, and/or organs from non-human animal species into humans.
- Explains that chinese kidneys have been transplanted into patients with renal failure.
- Describes how a baboon heart was transplanted into baby fae, who had hypoplastic left heart syndrome and lived 20 days after heart surgery.
- Explains that a baboon liver was transplanted to hepatic failure patient starzl, fung, tzakis, et al.
- Explains that porcine islet cells of langerhans have been injected into patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
- Explains that porcine skin has been grafted onto burn patients.
- Explains that xenotransplantation can be beneficial to the lives of human beings.
- Explains that a xenotransplantation product must be approved by fda.
648 wordsRead More - Pigs: Useful for Something Other Than Baconexplanatory essayTrivedi, Bijal P. “Cloned Pigs modified for Use in Human Transplants”. National Geographic News 3 Jan 2002. Retrieved 6 April 2011 from nationalgeographic.com
In this essay, the author
- Explains that korean scientists have created genetically modified pigs whose organs could be transplanted into human patients.
- Explains that the issue of using animals for human organ transplants has been brought to attention by medical ethicist professor nicholas tonti-filippini.
- Opines that genetically modified pig organs could be a way that would lower the need of people on waiting lists for an organ.
- Explains that pig lungs in human transplants move a step closer.
- States that trivedi, bijal p., "cloned pigs modified for use in human transplants". national geographic news, 3 jan 2002.
- Cites wilcox, sara, "the good, the bad and the ugly in xenotransplantation" from biology teach.
- Explains that there are more than 3500 canadians on a waiting list for an organ transplant, and that scientists around the globe have been looking into using the organs from genetically modified pigs.
- Explains that xenotransplantation is the transfer of living cells, tissues and organs from non-human animal species into humans.
- Cites gutierrez, david, and henderson, mark, in their article, "transplant of pig organs into humans closer after stem cell breakthrough".
1249 wordsRead More - Xenotransplantation and Its Dangerous Affectsexplanatory essayThe medical procedure of Xenotransplantation, (transplanting animal organs into humans) has been happening for many years, this medical practice was proceeding mixed results and mixed views regarding the procedure. In the year 1984, a baby girl whom was named Baby Fae by medical staff, became known world wide for the medical procedure she endured. Baby Fae had a potentially fatal heart problem, she was suffering from Hypoplastic left heart syndrome which is a fatal disease if not treated by surgery, (Time Magazine, 1984). The only way to save her was to replace her failing heart with a healthy seven month old baboon heart. The medical professionals that were working on Baby Fae were excited to be able to perform this Xenotransplantation on the infant. After the procedure Baby Fae was acting like any normal healthy infant would. But unfortunately, the replacement heart surgery wasn’t a true success story as the medical staff had hoped. Baby Fae died 20 days after her surgery because her tiny body rejected the baboons heart, which then went on to cause other fatal damage such as kidney...
In this essay, the author
- Describes the medical procedure of xenotransplantation, which involves transplanting animal organs into humans. baby fae had a potentially fatal heart problem and was saved by replacing her failing heart with healthy baboon hearts.
- Explains that the baby fae case was the first xenotransplantation on an infant. there have been many attempts of medical professionals transplanting animals organs into humans.
- Explains that the xenotransplantation procedure can have drastic side effects, such as death. it is known that viruses from animals can be transported or can cross over species.
514 wordsRead More - Attention Getter Of Organ Transplantsexplanatory essayThesis: I will explain the history of organ transplants, starting with ancient ideas before modern science until the 21st century.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that after listening to their speech, their audience will know the history of organ transplants/transplantation and its medical advances.
- Explains that dr. bud frazier performed the most heart transplants nationwide and implanted 1,000 left ventricular assist devices.
- Explains their curiosity about the anatomy and physiology of the body and all the parts that work together to keep us alive. medical advances have made it possible to undergo surgery to replace a failing organ.
- Explains the history of organ transplants, starting with ancient ideas before modern science until the 21st century.
- Explains that in 1900, the blood groups a, b, ab, and o were discovered.
- Explains that the case involved a day laborer by the name of alois gloger.
- Explains that dr. denton a. cooley performed the first successful heart transplant in the united states.
643 wordsRead More