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History of x rays discovery
X rays diffraction papers
Paper on history of x-ray
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X-ray diffraction (XRD) is an analytical method which provides the information about intensity of x-ray versus the angle of scattering of the substance. This characteristic is unique for each material. Therefore one can identify the unknown material by comparing the XRD pattern with the standard XRD pattern3. For the standard, crystalline phases and diffraction pattern of around 50,000 inorganic and 25,000 organic single components are collected and stored on magnetic media 5. The history of the x-ray diffraction begins in the early 20th century. At the time, there is a strong believed that crystals are contained many repeating block and each repeating units consist of constant amount of number. This concept is able to prove by using density, atomic numbers, and Avogadro's number 1. The x-ray diffraction experiment is conducted by Friedrich and Knipping for the first time by using copper sulfate crystal. By performing the experiment, they collect the diffraction pattern of the crystal and state that x-ray must be electromagnetic radiation 2. In 1912, William Lawrence Bragg and his fa...
In 1895, Professor Wilhelm C. Roentgen, a German physicist, was working with a cathode ray tube, much like our fluorescent light bulb. The tube consisted of positive and negative electrodes encapsulated in a glass envelope. On November 8, 1895, Roentgen was conducting experiments in his lab on the effects of cathode rays. He evacuated all the air from the tube and passed a high electric voltage through it after filling it with a special gas. When he did this, the tube began to give off a fluorescent glow. Roentgen then shielded the tube with heavy black paper and discovered a green colored fluorescent light could be seen coming from a screen located a few feet away from the tube.
The endothermic melting temperature for Ptx, blank S-SEDDS, physical mixture of Ptx/blank S-SEDDS, and Ptx-loaded S-SEDDS was determined by DSC 2920. Samples were scanned from 30 to 250 °C at a rate of 10 °C /min. In all the cases, an empty pan was used as the reference. XRD patterns of Ptx, blank S-SEDDS, physical mixture of Ptx/blank S-SEDDS and Ptx-loaded S-SEDDS were recorded using an X'Pert PRO Multipurpose X-Ray diffractometer equipped with CuKα radiation (40 kV, 20 mA). The 2θ scanning range was varied from 2° to 50°.
During the cold winter of 1895, a German scientist by the name of Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen was working with a cathode-ray tube when he noticed nearby crystals were glowing. When Roentgen reached for the crystals he was amazed when the shadow cast on the crystal was not of his whole hand, but just his bones. Roentgen covered the tube with heavy black paper and saw that the crystals still glowed and the shadow of his hand bones still shown through, he then determined that a new ray was being emitted that could penetrate through thick materials. (1.) He later found that the rays could pass through most anything, but would cast a shadow of solid objects; these shadows could then be captured on film. Among the solid objects Roentgen shot with these rays was human tissue, the rays would penetrate the tissue, but the bones would cast a shadow, which could then be caught on film. One of Roentgen’s first experiments with X-rays was on his wife’s hand where, on the film, you could see her hand bones and her wedding ring. (1.) While the discovery of x-rays was a huge advancement in medical technology, they were not used in the medical field at first. Instead the mystical invisible rays that could penetrate solid objects were used in the industrial field.
One of the most recently new advances in radiology is the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI has been around for the past century. It was at first called Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and then it changed to MRI once there was an available image. Walter Gerlach and Otto Stern were the first scientists to start experimenting with the magnetic imaging. Their very first experiment was looking at the magnetic moments of silver by using some type of x-ray beam. The scientists then discovered this was by realizing that the magnetic force in the equipment and in the object itself. In 1975, the first image was finally created using and MRI machine. The scientists used a Fourier Transformation machine to reconstruct images into 2D. The first images ever use diagnostically was in 1980. This is when hospitals began to use them. At first the images took hours to develop and were only used on the patients that needed it most. Even though MRI has been around for a long time, it has advanced and has been one of the best imaging modalities recently (Geva, 2006).
In order to become a Radiologic Technologist, one would have to carefully plan and learn the importance of the career choice. A person going into the medical imaging career needs to plan to know specific details about the career, what college or technology school he or she will be attending, the college expenses, knowing the yearly income of a Radiologic Technologist, also finding out the days of the week and hours that are to be worked, the expected change in employment over the next years, and how to build a future off being a Radiologic Technologist. Becoming a Radiologic Technologist is a lengthy process and it is hard work, but when all completed it is all worthwhile.
MRI is a unique machine that not only helps people, but also detects if something is wrong inside a patient’s body. MRI machines are getting more advanced each year and every year it saves lives. According to MedicineNet, “It provides valuable information on glands and organ within the abdomen, and accurate information about the structure of the joints, soft tissues, and bones of the body. Often, surgery can be deferred or more accurately directed after knowing the results of an MRI scan.” Doctors will be doing less guessing and more knowing when it comes to surgery.
I am a patient and caring person who enjoy helping people. My ambition to become a Diagnostic Imaging technologist developed when I was working at Queen Elizabeth University Hospital in Glasgow. During this time, I worked as a temporary support worker who helped patients to attend their scheduled medical examinations at the Imaging Department.
The training, experience and interests during my existence up to now happen to be quite varied. I've resided and labored in Germany, The country and France too as with the United kingdom. Lately, I've thought extensively about altering my career and been attracted to radiography because it offers attractive possibilities to use abilities and private characteristics which i consider I possess, to supply an immediately tangible and satisfying contribution to individuals??utes health.
The true beginnings of the modern periodic table are found in 1669 when alchemist Hennig Brand became the first person to discover an element, phosphorus. This was accomplished accidentally through an alchemical process using urine meant to produce the fabled philosopher’s stone that was highly sought after during the time period. The actual chemical process that occurred involved the reaction of sodium phosphate and organic compounds found in urine at the high heat at which brand was boiling the urine. This reaction produced carbon monoxide and elemental phosphorus which then condensed and solidified in the form of the white phosphorous allotrope, which has a tetrahedral structure, is insoluble in water, and is highly thermodynamically unstable. He named the element, though he was not aware it was an element at the time, phosphorous meaning “light-bearing” as white phosphorous glows strongly when it is exposed to air. A few years later, English alchemist and scientific investigator Robert Boyle was able to independently isolate phosphorus through an improved process by adding sand to the urine causing a reaction in which sodium phosphate and carbon from the urine reacted with silica forming sodium metasil...
Modern medicine is capable of treating a tremendous range of human disease and injuries, but the usefulness of all medical specialties depends on accurate diagnosis. Virtually every conceivable medical specialty relies on radiological technologies to provide formal diagnoses, making radiology one of the most important of all medical specialties. Radiologists enjoy some of the best working conditions in modern medicine and typically experience very positive employment conditions. Consequently, their services are generally in very high demand, with many starting out with six-figure annual incomes immediately after completion of their professional training.
Soon after his experimenting and production of his first x-ray, he had written and submitted his findings to the Wurzburg Physico-Medical Society in December of 1895.The publication of these mysterious rays set a frenzy into place as many other physicists and scientists abandoned what they were doing and immersed themselves in these new extraordinary findings.
When choosing a career there are many factors that I will need to look at: will it be something I enjoy; am I just in it for the money; will the job be around years from now; how will it affect my family and me; how will I benefit from the job; and how will my personality fit in? I used to work at Conroe Regional Medical Center in the Radiology Department and watching everyone scurry around the halls was very exciting to me. I knew I always wanted to be in the medical industry I just really wasn’t sure where I would fit in just yet. Many times I have thought about going back to school, and many times I have put it off and I kept making excuses and for many reasons and many times I have put it off because I was scared. There finally came a time in my life to where I could not put it off anymore - it was now or never. In saying this I needed a job that will have a solid future and great job security. The career I have chosen is Radiology Technologist. The reason I have chosen radiology technologist is because I am a hands on person and love working with and seeing different people every day. Radiologic technologists have a great outlook in the job industry the employment is expected to grow 28 percent between 2010 and 2020. You can either work in a hospital setting which at times can be a hectic environment. Because many places offer the same imaging equipment that the hospitals have, you can now work in a clinical setting which would be a little more calm and regular set hours. In May 2010 the median yearly wage was $54,340 and can earn as high as $76,850.
Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian scientist, is said to be the father of the periodic table. In 1947 Mendeleev, while working on a textbook, began to organise the 63 elements that were known at the time in groups that displayed similar properties. Mendeleev found it difficult to classify certain alkali metals and metals, and while trying to find a way to classify them he began to notice that the properties and atomic weights of halogens and alkali metals shared similar patterns. He then began to investigate extensions of these patterns within the other elements. Mendeleev created a card for each of the known elements that sh...
For so many years I’ve asked myself the question, “what are you going to do with your life?” For a period of time I struggled with this question. Today, I sit staring at my computer, confronting myself, asking my subconscious “what do I want to do for the rest of my life?” Have I finally found the answer I 've been looking for, or am I under the false assumption that this is the right path for me. This semester has been the ultimate opportunity to explore my questions, doubt, issues, and concerns. I feel that by the end of this paper I will have answered all these questions, and will have made the best decision for my future.
Plontke, R. (2003, March 13). Chemnitz UT. TU Chemnitz: - Technische Universität Chemnitz. Retrieved April 1, 2014, from http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/en/