To an extent Britain’s post-war years could be described as affluent. Consumption patterns in the mid twentieth century included the emergence of new household goods as well as the popular dominance of the motor car. Amongst modernisation the term of ‘teenager’ emerged as one of Britain’s main consumers. Leisure patterns embraced the contemporary appliances such as the dominance of television, the choice of cinema showings as well as the effect of Americanisation. Consumerism fever invaded all sectors of society as more and more people had better paid jobs and more free time. However in describing Britain’s post-war society it is important how we define the terms. Consumption is how the British people absorbed the modern possessions of the household and how they influenced their free time. Consumption also includes how modern trappings affected peoples lives. Leisure patterns describe what seized the attention of the public as a whole and that most of the population had more time to spend as they wished. Affluence describes the prosperity of society and how they have a great deal of wealth. Although Britain did prosper during the post war period, it is inaccurate to describe British society as affluent.
Hugh Pemberton argues ‘the second world war brought a marked upswing in economic growth’1 and to some extent he is right. Consumer levels of the 1950s and 1960s certainly contributed to Britain becoming a more affluent society. The majority of the english society could now enjoy a consumerism lifestyle which included modern conveniences for the household as well as the widespread appeal of the motorcar and motorcycle. Consumption and leisure patterns can be described as undergoing under ‘revolutionary period’ as previous unthink...
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...orary Britain p.37613 *book* youth culture by bill osgerby in a companion to contemporary britain pp.128-12914 -http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6684281.stm15 -http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6684281.stm16 Peter Clarke Hope and Glory Britain p25317 *book* the rise and disintegration of the working class by Robert Taylor in a companion to contemporary Britain p.37718 Peter clarke Hope and Glory: Britain 1900-2000 p.25019 *book* sport and recreation by richard holt in a companion to contemporary britain p.11220 *book* living standards and consumption by Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska in a companion to contemporary britain p.23221 book* living standards and consumption by Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska in a companion to contemporary britain p.23322 book* living standards and consumption by Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska in a companion to contemporary britain p.240
Many individuals would define leisure as time free from paid work, domestic responsibilities, and just about anything that one would not do as part of their daily routine. Time for leisure and time for work are both two separate spheres. The activities which people choose to do on their spare time benefit their own personal interests as well as their satisfactions. While some people may enjoy one activity, others pay not. Leisure is all about personal interests and what people constitute having a good time is all about. Some may say that the process of working class leisure can be seen to contribute their own subordination as well as the reproduction of capitalist class relations. Self-produced patterns of working class leisure can lead to resistance to such reproduction. This leads to social class relations and inequalities, and the fact that it they can never be completely reproduced in the leisure sphere. This film Home Feeling: Struggle for a Community, gives some examples of the role of leisure within a capitalist society dealing with issues such as class inequalities, and how they are different among various societies.
Evidence suggests that families often enjoyed everyday leisure but in reality working class social life was divided by gender. Married women’s leisure tended to be separate from the public domain and was not very different from work, but was linked with domestic duties and family relations. It was during this period that to survive families had to send their sons and daughters into the labor force to supplement the earnings of the father, while the mother cooked, cleaned, cared for the children and manufactured goods in the home. The typical wage-earning woman of 1900 was young and single.
the rise of the Second Industrial Revolution was directly proportional to the rise of the Leisure class in Europe. The Second Industrial Revolution made many parts of daily life easier. Things were cheaper, better, faster, and more efficient. As a result, a new class was formed - the leisure class. Many members of the leisure class had inherited money early on from past relatives, and therefore had no incentives to work for a living. Ones time could then be spent on more frivolous matters, such as fretting over what watch to wear or what cane to carry. People’s outward appearance became a major priority. Thorstein Veblen, interested in the arrival of the leisure cla...
After World War I and during the 1920s, America’s economy was growing to be the best in the world. Consumerism had led to the increase in purchases made by Americans and the amount of products that had been produced. Some of the consumer goods that were now in demand had included the automobile,
After WWII many economists predicted a recession in the American economy. It is easy to do so when at the peak of post war unemployment in March 1946 2.7 million searched for work. In 1945 people were laid off from their jobs. However, “ in 1945 the US entered one of its longest, steadiest, periods of growth and prosperity” (Norton 829). How could this be? With many new developments affecting the United State’s social and economic behavior, the wealth of the nation burgeoned. It is the extreme wealth of this society which supports and creates consumerism, the “Americans’ [increased] appetite for goods and services” (Norton 832). The automobile, television and rising personal income contributed to enhanced consumerism. The American economy in the 1950s is simply defined by increased output and increased demand. The primary economist of the 1950s was John Kenneth Galbraith. According to Galbraith’s The Affluent Society, the economy’s production proliferation in the 1950s created consumerism, forming a beneficial relationship that would serve each others’ needs.
At the end of World War II, American culture experienced an overhaul that ushered in a period of complacency beneath which paranoia seethed. A generation that had lived through the privations of the Depression and the horrors of world war was now presented with large suburban homes, convenient and impressive appliances, and pre-packaged entertainment. Such wonders so soon after extended hard times were greeted enthusiastically and even treated with a sense of awe. They may have encouraged few distinctions among the middle class -- the houses in a suburb were generally as identical as hamburgers at McDonald's -- but they represented a wealth to which few had before enjoyed access. Life became automated, with dishwashers cleaning up after dinner and air conditioning easing mid-summer heat. The new conveniences left more time for families to absorb the new mass culture presented through television, records, and Spillane novels. Excitement over the new conveniences and entertainment led America to increasingly become an acquiring society. To my parents' generation, childhood in the 50s was a time when people were generally pleased with themselves and with the...
The massive amount of consumerism and materalistic ideology came from the decade of the 1980s and proved to be the time of wanting to have luxrious items throughout the daily routine of being an American citizen. The American culture of massive consumerism of the 1980s was influenced by the elements of the American Dream, the iconic pop stars and events, the deep recession troubling the lives of many, and the nationalistic pride that was shown through the actions of recreations and sports. Not only was the 1980s influenced by the culture of consumerism, but it impacted the future generations to only want to become a bigger and better version of the 1980s.
How Music Helped Change And Define The United States In The 1960’s. Rock and roll, one of the biggest and most influential parts of music history that came out of the 1950s and continued to change the United States in many ways through the mid to late 1960’s rock and roll had changed American youth drastically, inventing not only new sounds but a new culture. That culture would be known as the youth counterculture, which changed the way everything would be perceived for the rest of time. It gave birth to a new, modern thinking, and morally concerned youth.
On the heels of war, new technology caused a decrease in prices of goods in the 1920’s and in the 1950’s the GI Bill increased income. The bureaucratization of business in the 1920’s meant that more people could be employed in higher paying white-collar jobs than before, including, for the first time, housewives. This new income combined with the reduced prices for goods that resulted from mechanized production, assembly lines and a general decrease of the cost of technology created a thriving consumerist middle class that went on to fuel the economy in all sectors, especially the upper classes. Likewise, during World War II Americans saved up around 150 billion dollars, and this sum combined with the income of the GI Bill allowed normal people to buy expensive things, from houses to cars to electronics to educations at a rapid rate, fueling the trademark prosperity of the 1950’s. The new automobile culture of the 50’s spawned new businesses that catered to mobile Americans, such as nicer and more standardized hotels like Holiday Inn, and drive-up restaurants like McDonalds. Just as the culture of the 1920’s was transfo...
In 1899 Thorstein Veblen wrote The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions. In this work, Veblen presented critical thinking that pertains to people’s habits and their related social norms. He explores the way certain people disregard the divisions that exist within the social system, while subsequently emulating certain aspects of the leisure class in an effort to present an image of higher social status. He also presented the theory of conspicuous consumption, which refers to an instance when a person can fulfill their needs by purchasing a product at a lower cost that is equal in quality and function to its more expensive counterpart; however, said person chooses to buy the more expensive product, by doing so, they are attempting to present an image of a higher social status. The almost 110 year cycle between 1899 and 2010 reveals few differences in buying behaviors, other than the differing selection of luxury goods to indulge, or over-indulge in.
...ansion of radio, film, the automobile, and advertising were some of the incredible changes that transformed America’s economy and the way of life for its citizens, making many of them very materialistic. This was reflected in the economy of the time, which was booming throughout the decade. The mass consumerism was most reflected the in the expansion of the automobile industry, which saw cars become practical necessities after being basically obsolete up until about 10 years prior. Political and social changes also altered the very culture of America, especially the issues of women’s rights and prohibition. The literature of this period also greatly reflected the consumerist nature of America, in works like the Great Gatsby. All of these things helped contribute to the strikingly different America during the roaring twenties that has changed global society forever.
Anxiety and affluence are terms that are often applied to the post war decades in an attempt to define them. The newfound wealth that Americans enjoyed after World War II wrought changes on the American social landscape that many may not have been able to predict. The push for heavy consumerism that accompanied the sudden upswing of the U.S. economy gave way to concerns about the decay of moral character in the American home. Increasingly filled with anxieties over the ever-present threat of Communism, which most Americans were aware was an issue they themselves could do little about, the population instead turned towards new distractions, such as television, to attempt to reclaim some sense of dominance in a world they no longer quite recognized. The failure of the device to soothe the nerves of anxious Americans can easily serve as a symbol for any case in which American prosperity increased, rather than alleviated, post war fears.
Waites B.A. "The Effect of the First World War on Class and Status in England, 1910-20," Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 11, No. 1. (Jan., 1976), pg. 34.
In the period from 1920 to 1930, commonly referred to as the “Roaring Twenties”, the previously established values in American society underwent significant changes, shifting to materialistic and consumerist ideas. The members of the upper classes lived extravagantly, not realizing many of them were riding on false prosperity. There became a larger split between the upper class and lower class as the rich became richer and the poor became poorer. Money poured into the hands of opportunists who distributed and sold illegal alcohol. A shift in wealth allowed previously poor people to become wealthy. Women began to rebel against the previously established social norms and dressed differently. Racism was widespread during the 1920’s, becoming a reason for support for new legislation against other races. The prohibition of alcohol in the 1920’s backfired tremendously. Alcohol remained present in a “dry” United States. People met in secret in “speakeasies” controlled by gangsters and drank alcohol. The introduction of the new technologies in communication and transportation such as the radio and the automobile for the common person was a sign of industrialization. The conditions of American society, customs, law, and order began to deteriorate during the period.
Many theorists suggest that consumption is correlated to the identity of an individual, that by purchasing goods from the mass market, it enables us to visibly establish our position within society. This differs from previous times in which a range of factors such as family histories, character and personal achievements played a significant role (Gabriel and Lang, 2006). Instead, there is the idea that the consumer has the ability to gain pleasure over objects, not just solely by the manipulation of objects, but through the degree of control over their meaning. The degree of control is developed and achieved through imagination and provides greater possibilities of pleasure experiences. This suggests that modern consumption can be seen as device that enables individuals to ‘dream’ about the desires they wish to fulfill. (Campbell, 1989: 79) (Cited in Gabirel & Lang, 2006)