Human beings have a remarkable ability of making accurate distance judgments based on the images that form on the retina of the eyes. More specifically, humans can extract depth information from the retinal images, which are usually two-dimensional (2D) or rather depthless (Blake & Sekuler, 2006; Eysenck, 2002; Snowden et al., 2012). However, it is important to note that the process of visual perception is much more complex in that the 2D retinal images must be perceived as three-dimensional (3D) spatial representations (Barbato & Addington, 2013; Fischmeister & Bauer, 2006). In order to achieve this level of visual perception, the human visual system must receive and interpret information from different sources including monocular and binocular cues to depth. Depth cues or pointers are important source of information, which enable the human visual system to re-construct 3D images from flat or 2D retinal images (Blake & Sekuler, 2006; Fischmeister & Bauer, 2006).
However, contrary to other categories of cues, the cues to depth do not elicit any form of conscious deliberation in order for depth to be perceived, but rather depth perception occurs without any effort or thought (Blake & Sekuler, 2006). Actually, human beings achieve accurate judgment of distances based on the coordination of depth information from various sources, which usually operate harmoniously in such a way that they manage to create an unambiguous 3D image out of the flat, 2D retinal images (Blake & Sekuler, 2006; Snowden et al., 2012). This essay seeks to define precisely the concept of depth perception and highlight the different sources of depth information with particular emphasis on monocular and binocular cues to depth. Based on the following discussions...
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40. The earliest vision researchers, Hubel and Wiesel, discovered that neurons in the rear occipital cortex of cats respond only to:
The ‘where visual pathway’ is concerned with constructing three dimensional representations of the environment and helps our brain to navigate where things are, independently of what they are, in space in relation to itself (Mishkin & Ungerleider & Macko, 1983).... ... middle of paper ... ... The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'.
Vision plays a huge role in the lives of non-human primates. Non-human primates have exceptional binocular vision, due to forward-facing eyes with overlapping visual fields (Prescott). This binocular stereoscopic color vision allows primates to see the world in terms of height, width, and depth, also known as three-dimensional vision (Haviland et al. 2010). Highly developed vision allows the later arboreal primates to judge depth, distance, and location when moving at speed from branch to branch (Haviland et al. 2010). This bino...
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The human observer is quite efficient at detecting motion. If a target is detectable when still, it becomes even more so when it is in motion. The brain uses multiple cues to help us perceive motion including information from all of our senses. The focus of this paper will be the visual system and how motion is perceived visually. Motion is in part perceived by the changing patterns of light on the retina. This cannot account for total motion perception, however, because we can perceive motion while keeping an image stable on our retina or create changes in these light patterns by moving our head and eyes. In order to turn these spatial patterns of light into information about motion we must integrate and interpret visual information. We use motion as a cue for grouping objects in the environment together and the motion of one thing can have an effect on the way other things are perceived to move. Things that move together are seen as belonging together and things that are near to objects in motion can be perceived to be in motion themselves. Then we use motion to interpret visual information in our environment. For instance, dots moving together in various patterns can create a percept of a 3-D object; dots moving in certain patterns can create the percept of a human or animal in motion even without lines connecting to create the form. You can also change the perception of how an object is moving by changing the focus of your attention. (Mather, 1998)
A monocular cue to depth refers perception of motion that only relies on the perception of a single eye. Monocular cues include size: distant objects subtend smaller visual angles than near objects, grain, size, and motion parallax. However binocular cue to depth refers to perception of motion that relies on a two-eyes. Binocular cues include stereopsis, eye convergence, disparity, and yielding depth from binocular vision through exploitation of parallax. Binocular cues are important to the monocular cues due to the rise in depth they offer compared to the single eye monocular cues. Having two eyes increases an individual’s depth perception of close objects that are at two different distances.
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There are many different Visual Perception principles in perception. The main principles are Gestalt. Gestalt is a German word meaning 'form' or 'shape'. Gestalt psychologists formulated a series of principles that describe how t...
Human beings rarely contemplate the significance of their own blind spot, a place where processes of neurons join together and form the optic nerve; it is here that the brain receives no input from the eye about this particular part of the world. What I discovered while entertaining myself with a simple eye exam aimed at divulging the capabilities of the brain in the face of the eyes blind spots was fundamental in my exploration of the trust we place in vision, and so I will explain it briefly. Our brain can ignore a dot that exists on the page and "fill" the spot with the color of its surroundings, no matter what the color. However, it is not that our brain cannot conceive of an image or of a shape to fill this place. Continuing with the experiment leads you to find that the brain will continue the line that is obstructed with the black dot, covering the sides of the dot in the surrounding color, and transforming the image before you into a line within your brain. A line that is absolutely not there.
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The Gestalt school of psychology, what we see is the result of processes of organization in the brain. Such processes are based on relationships between aspects of the stimulus, so that impressions of size, shape, color, and the like are determined not to merely by the retinal image of the object itself but by the other objects present in the field as well.