Although not known for its abundance, azurite attracts attention for its rich blue color. According to the website geology.com, this mineral is a copper carbonate hydroxide composed of Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2. Due to the increasing copper price in the 21st century, copper mines have opened back up and it is here where we see how copper plays a major role in azurite formation. When there is a reaction between the subsurface copper ores and carbon-dioxide-laden waters descending into the Earth, the azurite creation cycle begins. Imagine a stream of dissolved copper being transported into a new environment. This environment could contain water chemistry or temperature which constantly changes, thus creating a potential area for the formation of secondary
Copper, a chromophore, is the main factor granting azurite its pigmenting effect. Rich colors tend to fade away in various ways, and two of azurite’s fading factors is oxidation and weathering. Oxidation and weathering causes this mineral to shift from a blue color to a more greenish color, thus over time azurite will turn into the mineral malachite. This can be demonstrated by taking 2 [Cu(OH)2 • 2(CuCO3)] + H2O giving malachite’s chemical compound of 3 [Cu(OH)2 • (CuCO3)] + CO2
Azurite derives from the Arabic words azurite and azure where the name traces back to the Persian lazhward, an area known for another blue stone, lapis lazuli. Azurite is confined to weathered ore deposits in carbonate-rich rocks. The more crystal-like forms are in mines located in Wales and Chessy, France. Chessylite, another name for azurite, comes from the Cheesy Mine. The ore deposit of Chessy-les-Mines had an abundancy of copper in the Middle Ages until 1875, and although the mine is now closed off, much of the mined azurite has now been sold into
When standing on top of the butte, the rock that makes up a majority of the area is quartzite. Quartzite is a metamorphic rock that forms when existing rock is exposed to extreme amounts of heat and pressure (4). The quartzite that is found on Kamiak Butte was formed sometime around 1.47 to 1.4 billion years ago during the Paleozoic period of the Precambrian era. Many of the metamorphic rocks have been fractured and decayed due to physical and chemical weathering, but because quartzite consists of one of the strongest minerals quartz...
Shown in the picture above is volcanic extrusive igneous rock known as andesite. They were imported here to Laguna Beach to help minimize erosion (Merton Hill, p. 10-11). Extrusive Igneous rocks are formed on Earths surface due to lava quickly cooling or mixing with different materials such as ash or cinders from an eruption. There are two different types of extrusive igneous rocks; Plutonic and Volcanic. Andesite is known for being gray in color and being made up of very coarse grainy textures, which make it much harder to break down than sedimentary rocks. Unlike loose gravel and other sediments igneous rocks are known for being able to slow down seismic waves from earthquakes which cause less damage to surface structures.
A bauxite is a mixture consisting of hydrated aluminum oxide minerals and mineral impurities which are formed by weathered aluminum bearing rocks. In 1891 bauxite was mined in Alabama from the Rock Run. However, mining came to a sudden stop because metallurgical grade bauxite became very hard to obtain. Production started back up in 1927 and has been running on a maintained basis. Due to irregular distributions of bauxite deposits, exploratory test drilling must be conducted before any mining. Alabama bauxite is used in the making of high temperature products, abrasives, and chemicals. (Tew, 6)
The purpose of this lab was to to cycle solid copper through a series of chemical forms and return it to its original form. A specific quantity of copper undergo many types of reactions and went through its whole cycle, then returned to its solid copper to be weighted. We observed 5 chemical reactions involving copper which are: Redox reaction (which includes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed), double displacement reaction, precipitation reaction, decomposition reaction, and single displacement reaction.
In the first part of this project, two cation elimination tests and one cation confirmation test were performed. 10 drops of 4 cation solutions: potassium, zinc(II), copper(II)
Introduction: The Bingham Canyon Mine, also known as the Kennecott Copper Mine, is an open-pit mine specializing in the mining of an extremely large porphyry copper deposit. Located in the Oquirrh Mountains southwest of Salt Lake City, Utah, the deposit itself is the result of a quartz monzonite porphyric intrusion into the sedimentary rocks in the area. Since the opening of the mine in 1906 it has produced more than 19 million tons of copper, making it the largest copper mine in the world as well as the largest man-made excavation. ADD THESIS.
The name Quartz is derived from Quarz a Germanic word, and it is the second most abundant mineral in the world next to feldspar. Rose-quartz is a mass type stone not forming in the normal crystal shape.
An atom, by definition, is the smallest part of any substance. The atom has three main components that make it up: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The protons and neutrons are within the nucleus in the center of the atom. The electrons revolve around the nucleus in many orbitals. These orbitals consist of many different shapes, including circular, spiral, and many others. Protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged. Protons and electrons both have charge of equal magnitude (i.e. 1.602x10-19 coulombs). Neutrons have a neutral charge, and they, along with protons, are the majority of mass in an atom. Electron mass, though, is negligible. When an atom has a neutral charge, it is stable.
Copper Oxide + Carbon Dioxide (CuCO3 = CuO + CO2) The reactivity series determines how fast this reaction occurs. The reactivity series is the order of metals in the periodic table. The most reactive metals are placed at the top of the reactivity series.
Minerals play an important role in our day-to-day life but we often not contemplate how the minerals are obtained. Minerals are scattered all over the world just like any other resources. Due to the natural processes of magma flow, hydrothermal gradients, sedimentation, and evaporation, Minerals are concentrated in various areas of the Earth’s crust. Obtaining these minerals for human use involves four general steps:
The relationship between the mass of malachite used and the amount of copper oxide obtained was proportional. Malachite and calamine are next to each other in the
Chemically it is copper carbonate and is found associated with copper ore. To prepare the pigment, the stone is carefully selected, ground and sieved. Copper ore occurs in Singhbhum and Chhota Nagpur in Jharkhand, Nellore and Krishna district in Andhra Pradesh, Khetri in Rajasthan, in outer Himalayas, Kumaon, Sikkim (India), and Nepal. The copper ores by surface alterations change into Malachite, Azurite etc.
When the water comes into contact with the pyrite, the chemical reactions that take place causes the water to increase in pH which will dissolve heavy metals which stay in solution. However, when the pH levels reach a certain stage, the iron can then precipitate out, coating sediments with the characteristic yellow, red or orange colourings (D.E.P. 2, 2002; U.S.G.S.; U.S.E.P.A., 2002). The rate that A.M.D. advances is also influenced by the presence of certain bacteria (Doyle; U.S.G.S). A.M.D that has dissolved heavy metals such as copper, lead and mercury can contaminate ground and surface water. Especially at risk are mines that are located above the water table (Keller, 2000; D.E.P. 2, 2002). The sources of water that get polluted can be surface water that permeates into the mine, shallow ground water flowing through the mine or any water that comes into contact with the waste tailings produced by mines.
Ca(NO3)2 and Na2(C2O4) are combined to produce calcium oxalate stone samples. Next Ca(NO3) and sodium phosphate are utilized to synthesize calcium phosphate stone samples. For the synthesis of the calcium oxalate stones, 11 grams of Ca(NO3)2 is dissolved in 225mL of DI water. 8.00 grams of Na2(C2O4) is dissolved separately in 200mL of DI water. The two aqueous solutions were mixed separately in order to ensure their complete homogeneous transition. Once each solution is completely dissolved, the aqueous solutions of Ca(NO3)2 and Na2(C2O4) are mixed together to form the precipitate , which produces the Calcium oxalate stone
Diamonds form over long periods of time, between 100 km and 200 km below the surface. At this great depth, carbon gets a chance to cool very gradually, forming diamond crystals. When volcanic eruptions occur, magma carries the diamonds up to the surface of the earth. Kimberlite lavas carrying diamonds erupt at anywhere between 10 and 30 km/hour and increase their velocity to several hundred km/hour within the last few kilometers. (Pough, 44) At the surface, this lava cools and turns into Kimberlite rock. That is why diamonds are often found in kimberlite, a volcanic rock, which is often much younger than the diamonds themselves. All diamonds that are around today are at least 990,000,000 years old. If the same element carbon found its way to the surface, before it got a chance to form crystals and solidify, it would turn into graphite.