1. Describe the types of diversion programs currently used: The Pretrial diversion gives the criminal an opportunity to participate in programs that will help them avoid criminal activity while their criminal process is diverted. On the other hand, Treatment Alternatives to Street Crimes (TASC) targets offenders that are involved with drugs. The reason they targeted these individuals or this specific group is due to the fact that they believed their criminal activity might have been a result of the use of drugs
2. List five purposes of the presentence investigation: 1) For use in sentencing by the court. 2) For use in determining supervision needs during probation. 3) For use by prison officials in classifying offenders and determining program needs. 4) For use by the parole board in making release decisions. 5) For research purposes.
3.
…show more content…
Differentiate between concurrent and consecutive sentences: Concurrent sentences run at the same time while consecutive sentences run one after the other. In other words, concurrent sentences have all the counts processed at the same time, while consecutive sentences have the offender complete each sentence individually in order for the next count to be processed.
4. What role did John Howard play in the early development of jail? After inspecting local jails and becoming surprised by the lack of medical care, discipline, sanitation he decided to visit prisons located in Europe. This then led to the draft: Penitentiary Act of 1779. The act included requirements such as uniforms, diets, and the hygiene of the prisoners. This act influenced the creation of early jails and their basic
The first inmate to enter Kingston Penitentiary was Mathew Tavender who was sentenced to serve three years for grand larceny. He was placed in cell number four and was put two work as a stonecutter two days later. He was whipped on August 30, 1835 which was three months after his arrival, along with inmate number two, John Hamilton.
[The guards here believe that] the tougher, colder, and more cruel and inhuman a place is, the less chance a person will return. This is not true. The more negative experiences a person goes through, the more he turns into a violent, cruel, mean, heartless individual, I know this to be a fact
The major goal of the Australian prison at the beginning of the 20th century was the removal of lawbreakers from their activities in society (King, 2001). The Australian legal system relies on deterrence (Carl et al, 2011, p. 119), that is, a system that has two key assumptions: (i) specific punishments imposed on offenders will ‘deter’ or prevent them from committing further crimes (ii) the fear of punishment will prevent others from committing similar crimes (Carl et al, 2011, p. 119). However it is not always the case that deterrence is successful as people commit crime without concern for punishment, thinking that they will get away with the crime committed (Jacob, 2011). Economists argue that crime is a result of individuals making choices
Schmalleger, Frank, Criminal Justice A Brief Introduction, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Education Inc. , 2010, Page 387
These studies specify the factors that judges must take into consideration in making decisions regarding pretrial release or detention. These factors are: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense charged, including whether the offense is a crime of violence or involves a controlled substance; (2) the weight of the evidence against the defendant; (3) the history and characteristics of the defendant; and (4) the nature and seriousness of the danger to any person or the community that would be posed by the defendant’s release. The defendant’s “history and characteristics” include the defendant’s “character, physical and mental condition, family ties, employment, financial resources, length of residence in the community, community ties, past conduct, history relating ...
Samuel Johnson strategies his argument on debtors’ prisons by using examples of how the debtors are pitied then forgotten, prison gives trouble to two or more people that need them, and the description of how they live.
In the early years going to prison for a crime was not common. When people committed crimes, they were punished by corporal punishment, forced labor, social ostracism, and many far worse punishments. People began using imprisonment as a form of punishment after the American Revolution. In England these practice of imprisonment been taking place since the 1500s in the form of dungeons and other detention facilities. Prisons were one of the first buildings introduced in the New World. In early America prisons were not looked at like prisons are today, most crimes where punished on the spot and the person released. Most of the people that had long term sentences were people that owed debt. Other type of punishments that was used was fines, public shame, physical chastisement, and death. Misdemeanors were punishable by fines, just like some are today. The United States prison building efforts went through three waves. First the Jacksonian Era, which led to the increase use of imprisonment and rehabilitive labor as punishment for their crimes in almost all states by the time of the American Civil War. Second was the Progressive Era, which was after the civil war. The Progressive Era brought in the usage of parole, probation, and indeterminate sentencing. Third was in the early 1970s, by this time the number in prisons had increased five times.
Each year more offenders are sentenced to probation than to any other sanction in the criminal justice system. There are more offenders on probation than in prisons and jails combined. The reasons for the increasing use of probation are clear enough: probation can be provided at more than five times less cost than jail and nearly 19 times less cost than state prison. Probation can offer a cost-effective
This chapter examines the juvenile justice diversion as an alternative to formal adjudication of juvenile justice and the placement of children, particularly residential placement. Juvenile Diversion is based on the premise that youth exposure to justice may be more harmful than beneficial (Shelden, 1999).
I wanted to look at the investigative and criminal procedures following the arrest of an alleged criminal and the powerful effects via testimonies and evidence (or lack thereof) it can have on a case.There is an importance of the courts in regards to crime that can’t be over looked. The primary function of the criminal justice system is to uphold the established laws, which define what we understand as deviant in this society.
Rehabilitation is there to prevent future crime by bringing changes within a offender and hopefully make then less likely to reoffend. There have been many different programs that have been used from back then until now that has been developed to bring about changes in education, job training, and recreation. The challenge of corrections was to keep offenders in the community and re-integrate them back into the community. One approach to rehabilitation is the re-integrative philosophy, which is aimed at returning offenders to the community as soon as possible. The idea that every effort should be made to return offenders to the community as “law-abiding-citizens” was developed. In order to do so, rehabilitation of offenders and change towards the community was important. Until the mid 1970’s, rehabilitation was a key part of U.S. prison policy. Prisoners were encouraged to develop job skills and resolve any psychological issues that they may have which can cause them to have issues with re-integration into society (Benson, 2003). Currently, rehabilitation is highly encouraged. There are treat programs available to help someone get on the right track. There is now the twelve-step programs, professional group treatments, individual or group therapy, and cognitive
In response to question one of unit one, I will discuss changes, trends and the current use of probation and parole in the United States.
Interviewing can occur in a formal format, such as in a police station, but can also be as simple as a conversation between two, or more, individuals (Holmgren, 2017, p. 12). The purpose of interviewing can vary depending on the situation, but a variety of factors, such as verbal cues, non-verbal cues, and the environment, are all influential parts of the interview (p. 2-5). Interviewing is a crucial part to part of the justice system because it builds a relationship between the participants in a case and can have a impact on the information available in a case (p. 12).
Steurer, S. J., Linton, J., Nally, J., & Lockwood, S. (2010). The top-nine reasons to increase correctional education programs. Corrections Today, 72(4), 40-43. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/746496632?accountid=38223
Constructing a set of guidelines on managing the preliminary investigation for a criminal case is very important as it gives a baseline for officers to follow to help prevent errors in the investigation. According to Hess and Orthmann (2010), “The initial response is crucial to the success of an investigation. Although it is popularly believed that cases are won or lost in court, more cases actually are lost during the first hour of an investigation … than in court” (p. 14). After containing the incident, officers upon arrive will begin examining the scene by taking photographs, sketches or videos. After the scene has been recorded visually, officers will search for evidence, and then collect it for examination and processing while documenting what has been found during the search for clues. The victims, suspects, and any witnesses will be questioned. Officers will canvas neighborhoods to locate any witnesses that may not have been on the scene. All information provided by witnesses and observed by officers will also be noted and recorded.