What Is Withdrawal And Tolerance?

2. Withdrawal and tolerance are two different but very important factors of substance abuse. Some symptoms of tolerance may include an individual requiring an increased amount of the substance in order for it to have the same desired effect on them, or when an individual feels that using the same amount of the substance no longer has the same effect on them as it once did (Whitbourne, 2017). Signs of tolerance may include taking the substance in a higher dosage or more frequently than before, or mixing/taking stronger substances in order to have a stronger effect (Crane, 2017). Withdrawal includes both physiological and psychological changes that will occur when an individual stops using a substance (Whitbourne, 2017). The changes that an

Individuals using hallucinogens can see images, feel sensations and hear sounds that they perceive as real but are not (Whitbourne, 2017). Additional psychological effects include rapid intense moods swings and a the condition hallucinogen persisting perception disorder, where the individual has flashbacks or spontaneous hallucinations even though they are not intoxicated with the drug (Whitbourne, 2017). Depending on the type of hallucinogen, physiological effects may include increases in heart rate, blood pressure, blurred vision and muscle weakness (Whitbourne, 2017). Like many other substances, users may build up a tolerance after continued use, and certain hallucinogens such as MDMA are usually taken with other substances (Whitbourne, 2017). Depending on the hallucinogen abused, the withdrawal symptoms may vary, LCD users may choose to stop using it without withdrawal (Whitbourne,

People with this disorder look for situations that do not require a lot of interaction with others, and do not appear to have a desire for love or acceptance, even by their family (Whitbourne, 2017). Like paranoid personality disorder, the etiology is not known but there is believed to be a genetic link to developing the disorder (Schizoid Personality Disorder, 2017). Not a lot is known about the treatment options since many individuals with the disorder do not seek treatment, and some therapies are not effective because individuals may find it difficult to establish a relationship with a clinician (Schizoid Personality Disorder, 2017). Schizotypal personality disorder have confusion about their basic sense of self, they lack a sense of direction or motivation and have difficulty understanding the behaviors and motives of other people (Whitbourne, 2017). Since their pathological traits are on the extremely maladaptive end of the psychoticism dimension, they may have many eccentric and unusual ideas and beliefs, causing them to have difficulty creating accurate perceptions of their world (Whitbourne, 2017). The etiology may be genetics since the symptoms of the disorder may show a latent form of schizophrenia (Whitbourne, 2017). Treatment of the disorder is similar to that of schizophrenia, and