The immune system is the human body’s defense system. This system fights against pathogens. Pathogens are viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and parasite worms that cause disease. The skin of the human body is our best defense, against these things There are four features that define the immune system: self/non-self recognition. This is when the B and T cells only attack cells or substances that they recognize as non-self. This specificity means that only certain invaders are attacked. Diversity means when the B and T cells have receptors for at least a billion threats. Memory is when some of these cells are formed during a first response but is set aside to do battle with the same agents at a future time. “Armies of T and B cells are produced …show more content…
The kidneys are the major organs of this system. A tough coat of connective tissues encloses them. The kidneys have several lobes. Each lobe contains blood vessels and tubes called nephrons. Nephrons are the heart of the kidneys and they also filter the kidneys. When blood flows through the kidneys it is filtered a second time. As the blood flows through the nephrons, the excess water, salt, and nitrogen compound called urea are filtered from the blood. The body needs all the nutrients that are removed by the nephrons. The human body contains two kidneys, which are located just above the waistline, One is just behind the liver. The main function of the kidneys is to remove waste from the blood. The urinary system also has a pumping system that transports or stores liquid waste called urine. Once urine has been produced, it leaves each kidney through a tube called the urethra. It then goes to a storage organ called the urinary bladder. Urine will then leave the bladder through the urethra, which will carry it out of the body. The nervous system is made up of billions of nerve cells called neurons. Neurons are the basic structure of the nervous system. Its function is to carry messages and is made of two …show more content…
The brain is the master control center that receives stores, integrates, and retrieves sensory information. It coordinates responses by adjusting activities throughout the body. (pg.240) The brain’s main divisions are the hindbrain, the midbrain and the forebrain. Their functions range from reflex controls over basic survival functions to complex integration of sensory information and motor responses. (pg.241) The left hemisphere deals mainly with speech analytical skills and mathematics. It usually dominates the right hemisphere, which deals with more creative activities. The cerebral cortex, the outermost layer of gray matter of each hemisphere, contains motor, sensory and association areas. Communications among these areas govern conscious behavior. The cerebral cortex also interacts with the limbic system which controls emotions and memory. Memory is the storage and retrieval of sensory information whether short term or long term
The kidneys are located in the posterior section of the retroperitoneal cavity and are small, dark red kidney-bean shaped organs in the lower part of the rib cage (Marieb, The Urinary System, 2015). They are undervalued organs considering how essential they are for the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis. The kidneys filter about 120-150 quarts of blood to produce about 1-2 quarts of urine each day (NIH, 2014). Blood initially enters the kidneys through the renal artery. It then flows into the segmental artery before moving into the interlobar artery. From the interlobar artery the filtrate enters the arcuate artery before branching into the cortical radiate artery, which feeds into the afferent arteriole, before passing into the glomerulus where it begins to filter out waste. The filtered waste is then collected by renal tubule. The tubules drain to collecting ducts and all of these components together makes up a small unit called a nephron. Each kidney has over a million nephrons (Marieb, Blood Supply/ Nephrons, 2015). They filter out wastes that run through different body systems via blood; the majority of that waste is nitrogenous wastes, toxins, excess fluids, electrolytes, and drugs. These waste products are eliminated as urine. While waste are removed vital enzymes, hormones, and water are returned
The B cells, T cells, Macrophage, and Antibodies are all a very large part of the immune system. There are two types of T cells, killer and helper T cells. Killer T cells find and destroy cells infected with bacteria, and helper T cells control the activity of other cells in the immune system. Then, B cells are considered the “clean up crew,” attacking any bacteria or viruses the T cell left behind. They also make antibodies, which are essential for trapping invading viruses and
The job of the immune system is to keep “foreign” invaders out of the body, or if one gets in, to seek it out and kill it. These foreign invaders are called pathogens, which are tiny organisms that can cause an infection in the body. Pathogens can be bacteria, parasites, and fungi (http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/immuneSystem/pages/whatisimmunesystem.aspx).
The urinary tract consists of two kidneys, to ureters, urethra, and the urinary bladder. The urinary system works to remove waste from the body, maintain homeostasis of water, blood pressure, and regulate the body’s pH levels. The kidneys regulate several important internal conditions by excreting substances out into the body. After urine has been produced in the kidneys it is then transported to the urinary bladder via the ureters. The urinary bladder then holds the urine until the body is ready for excretion through the urethra.
The function of the immune system is it helps play a vital part of our everyday lives. It helps protect our bodies where ever we go. Our immune systems help defend our bodies against germs and microorganisms. The immune system is made up of various special cells, tissues, organs and proteins. This special system does an amazing job of keeping our bodies healthy and in good shape from different diseases and infections.
As for the kidney’s, they consist of a renal cortex with arcuate vessels surrounds the renal medulla of the kidney. The renal papilla at the end of the renal medulla connects to the renal pelvis. Finally, a ureter descends form the kidney to the urinary bladder in both the mink and human.
The reticular formation is also in the hindbrain and is a network of neurons that runs from the spinal cord to the thalamus. This is where the sensory input travels through and this controls awareness. It gets your attention while the pons keeps your attention. The thalamus is similar to a train station or a telephone switchboard. It receives information from all of the sense except smell. It sends this information to the brain regions that deal with that respective sense. The thalamus also receives higher brain replies and directs this replies to the medulla and cerebellum. The cerebellum extends out from the brain stem. It is located in the back of your head. Cerebellum is Latin for little brain and the cerebellum looks like a miniature brain. It is the size of a boy’s baseball and coordinates voluntary movement. The cerebellum also enables one type of nonverbal learning and memory. It also judges time, modulate emotions, and discriminates sounds and textures. (The Brain, Gale Resources Science In
All play a role in removing waste from your body. Your kidneys filter waste from your blood and regulate the concentrations of many substances. Tubes called ureters carry urine from your kidneys to the bladder, where it’s store until it exits your body through the urethra.
Kidney Function Introduction and definition of terms: The kidneys are the main organs in the urinary system. They filter waste products out of blood from the renal artery. These are then excreted. Useful solutes are reabsorbed into the blood. They also have a major homeostatic role in the body, and help to control the water content (osmoregulation) and pH of the blood.
The immune system is a fascinating structure it defends the body against foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses and parasites. There are two primary forms that make up the immune system they are, innate and adaptive systems. Both the innate and adaptive system plays a large role in the immune system. The innate is the primary system to defend against foreign materials and the adaptive is the secondary system that responds to specific issues.
The nervous system is a network of cells that take messages from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. The nervous system is made up of the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System. The Central Nervous System has two main parts; the brain and the spinal cord. While the Peripheral Nervous System has the Somatic and the Autonomic Nervous systems included with in it.
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body. The dual function of excretory systems is the elimination of the waste products of metabolism and to drain the body of used up and broken down components in a liquid and gaseous state. In humans and other amniotes most of these substances leave the body as urine and to some degree exhalation, mammals also expel them through sweating.
The nervous system’s main function is to coordinate all of the activities in the body. The main organs are the cerebellum, which controls and coordinates movement. The cerebrum, is the center for conscious thought, learning, and memory. The last main organ is the brain stem. The brain stem keeps the automatic systems in your body working. Problems of the nervous system include, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s, and multiple sclerosis. You can care for your nervous system by wearing a seatbelt, wearing a helmet, and by not using drugs or alcohol. Something very confusing about the nervous system is that the left side of human brain controls the right side of the body and the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body!
There are three main structures in the brain, the first being the hindbrain, which control basic psychological processes in order for an individual to sustain survival involving breathing, balance and movement. The second is the midbrain, which connects the three structures of the brain and sends messages to the brain about priorities. Lastly is the forebrain, which is the most complex, producing complex thoughts and emotional responses and is also the driving force of motivation, which we all know university students need!