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Urbanisation and how it leads to environmental degradation
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Growing up in Northern Toronto, it had never occurred to me that the neighbourhood I was living in was planned long before my neighbors or I decided to move and build this a community. As I grew older and I started to notice new “areas” being built I noticed that from afar those hundreds of houses were being built and organized in preparation for hundreds of families. Personally, I am interested in the development of subdivisions and the suburbs due to my family owning a property around the area of Lake Simcoe. It seems as though that with every passing year it takes another few kilometers or minutes to escape the confines of the city due to the growth of the suburbs around Toronto.
Suburbs or outlying districts of cities have been present since ancient times . In early history, individuals would live on the outskirts of cities to take advantage of the economic benefits of a major market while living affordable. In particular, Rome had a continuously growing population outside it’s city limits (Stambaugh, 1988). Archeological excavations have concluded that Rome expanded on it’s city walls many times in history to protect those on it’s fringes (Stambaugh, 1988).
Modern suburbs arose almost 2000 years later during the Industrial Revolution in London, England. London’s promise for economic growth attracted millions immigrants from across the British Empire and the globe at an exponential rate. The 19th century saw the city experience rapidly grow to more than six million (Brown, 2004). This dramatic growth in population size and the lack of affordable housing drove individuals who could permit themselves to do so outside the city (Brown, 2004).
By 1868 an underground public transportation railway had been built in London to...
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Naish, P. (n.d.). Homegrown History: Popular Historiography on Exhibition at the Levittown Mini-Museum*. The Columbia Journal of American Studies. Retrieved February 3, 2014, from http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cjas/levittown.html.
Hobbs, F., & Stoops, N. (n.d.). Demographic Trends in the 20th Century. US Census Bureau. Retrieved February 3, 2014, from http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/censr-4.pdf.
Islam, A., Lynn, B., & Maher, B. (n.d.). Suburbia: Excess and Spectacle . Suburban Sprawl & New Urban Growth. Retrieved February 3, 2014, from http://sitemaker.umich.edu/section007group5/suburbia__excess_and_spectacle.
Roo, G. d. (1999, February 15). Environmental conflicts in compact cities: complexity, decisionmaking, and policy approaches. EPB Planning and Design. Retrieved February 3, 2014, from http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=b2614.
Phillips, E. Barbara. City Lights: Urban-Suburban Life in the Global Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Ethnicities wanted to be with their own race. This began the movement of the development of ethnic neighborhoods. Although many et...
...or present day cities Canada. Repeatedly there have been works of research that supports the idea that people are beginning to have the want and the need to live an area where there is walkability and convenience. From the perspective of a Millennial as society likes to call my generation, having the option to walk instead of drive is something to heavily consider when choosing a place to call home. The evidence as why people are moving is in a way demographically self-explanatory, a poor person would want to move from a city where crime is high, there is little to no property to invest in, and the schools seems are bad , to a place that boasts the opposite attributes.
Several works we have read thus far have criticized the prosperity of American suburbia. Jack Kerouac's The Dharma Bums, Philip Roth's Goodbye, Columbus, and an excerpt from Lawrence Ferlinghetti's poem "A Coney Island of the Mind" all pass judgement on the denizens of the middle-class and the materialism in which they surround themselves. However, each work does not make the same analysis, as the stories are told from different viewpoints.
Another noteworthy urban sociologist that’s invested significant research and time into gentrification is Saskia Sassen, among other topical analysis including globalization. “Gentrification was initially understood as the rehabilitation of decaying and low-income housing by middle-class outsiders in central cities. In the late 1970s a broader conceptualization of the process began to emerge, and by the early 1980s new scholarship had developed a far broader meaning of gentrification, linking it with processes of spatial, economic and social restructuring.” (Sassen 1991: 255). This account is an extract from an influential book that extended beyond the field of gentrification and summarizes its basis proficiently. In more recent and localized media, the release the documentary-film ‘In Jackson Heights’ portrayed the devastation that gentrification is causing as it plagues through Jackson Heights, Queens. One of the local businessmen interviewed is shop owner Don Tobon, stating "We live in a
In this means, what is suburbanization? As indicated by my exploration and studies around there of history I can without a doubt recognize that suburbanization is on an extremely fundamental level the term used to depict the physical advancement of the city at the urban-commonplace fringe, or basically the edges of the city. This in
“One by one, many of the working class quarters of London have been invaded by the middle-classes—upper and lower. Shabby, modest mews and cottages—two rooms up and two down—have been taken over, when their leases have expired, and have become elegant, expensive residences .... Once this process of ‘gentrification’ starts in a district it goes on rapidly until all or most of the original working-class occupiers are displaced and the whole social character of the district is changed.”
The modern story of developed areas is a move from the inner city to the suburbs. This decentralization of metropolitan areas has left urban areas neglected. Such a transformation has had negative consequences, because it has inherently meant the abandonment of those left behind in urban centers. Furthermore, the issue is complicated by the fact that the distinction between those moving to the suburbs and those left behind has been defined largely by race. As Kain notes,
Cities grew simply because that’s where the jobs were. Poor immigrates settled into cites looking for work and often took low end factory jobs to get by. Between 1840 and 1860 4.2 million immigrates moved to the United States, mostly Irish and Germans (Lecture 11). The Irish, who were fleeing the great famine, came to America looking for a new start (Lecture 11). Arriving with little money and no skills, outside of agriculture skills, had to take low paying factory jobs and live in the slums (Lecture 11). The Irish took jobs native American didn’t want like building the railroad and canals, common laborers, servants, longshoremen and factory operators (Give Me Liberty 335). While the Germans who were fleeing political upheaval, arrived with a little more money in their pockets were able to buy land and start their own business (Lecture 11). They established themselves as craftsmen, shop keepers, and farmers and lived in tight knit communities in eastern cities (Give Me Liberty
“gentrification as an ugly product of greed. Yet these perspectives miss the point. Gentrification is a byproduct of mankind 's continuing interest in advancing the notion that one group is more superior to another and worthy of capitalistic consumption with little regard to social consciousness. It is elitism of the utmost and exclusionary politics to the core. This has been a constant theme of mankind to take or deplete a space for personal gain. In other words, it 's very similar to the "great advantage" of European powers over Native Americans and westward expansion”(Wharton).
U.S. Census Bureau, (2010). Cumulative Estimates of the Components of Resident Population Change by Race and Hispanic Origin for the United States. Retrieved from http://www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationBulletins/2010/latinosupdate1.aspx
Beginning in the 1960s, middle and upper class populations began moving out of the suburbs and back into urban areas. At first, this revitalization of urban areas was 'treated as a 'back to the city' movement of suburbanites, but recent research has shown it to be a much more complicated phenomenon' (Schwirian 96). This phenomenon was coined 'gentrification' by researcher Ruth Glass in 1964 to describe the residential movement of middle-class people into low-income areas of London (Zukin 131). More specifically, gentrification is the renovation of previously poor urban dwellings, typically into condominiums, aimed at upper and middle class professionals. Since the 1960s, gentrification has appeared in large cities such as Washington D.C., San Francisco, and New York. This trend among typically young, white, upper-middle class working professionals back into the city has caused much controversy (Schwirian 96). The arguments for and against gentrification will be examined in this paper.
Vincent, Grayson W. and Victoria Velkoff. 2010. “United States Census.” Census.Gov. Retrieved May 2014 (https://www.census.gov/prod/2010pubs/p25-1138.pdf).
The original intent of street development in our country appeared to be for the legitimate reasons of postal service and agricultural shipping routes. Not until the automobile industry and economic opportunists got involved did the transportation system in America start to change. The system of buses and streetcars in the cities appeared to be functioning reasonably well. The theory of “if it’s not broke, don’t fix it” was not applied here. The auto industry convinced numerous cities to rid their streets of the streetcars and cut back on bus transportation. Overall results were good, for the auto industry. Urban centers started to lose large portions of their downtown populations to urban flight out of the city. The stereotypical suburban style living be...
Susan S. Fainstein, Scott Campbell. 2003. Readings in Urban Theory. Second Edition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.