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The Eye
Retina: The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers or neurons that begin the processing of visual information.
Rods: Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray.
Cones: Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. They detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.
Optic nerve: The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.
Blind spot: The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there.
We do not see images upside down because the cells in our retina make light energy into neural impulses
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Parallel processing: The processing of several aspects of a problem or scene simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision.
Feature detectors in our temporal lobe by our right ear allow us to perceive faces. When magnetic pulses disrupt that area of the brain we lose that ability. Parallel processing allows us to have a perception of movement without it it would seem like people would suddenly appear in a different place then they were before.
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Color Vision
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three color) theory: The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue-which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color.
Opponent-process theory: The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision.
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Visual Organization
Gestalt: an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful
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Pain treatments often combine physical and psychological elements, including placebos and distractions.
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Taste
Taste and smell are chemical senses. Taste is a composite of five basic sensations—sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami—and of the aromas that interact with information from the taste receptor cells of the taste buds.
There are no basic sensations for smell. We have some 5 million olfactory receptor cells, with about 350 different receptor proteins. Odor molecules trigger combinations of receptors, in patterns that the olfactory cortex interprets. The receptor cells send messages to the brain's olfactory bulb, then to the temporal lobe, and to parts of the limbic system.
The influence of smell on our sense of taste is an example of sensory interaction. Embodied cognition is the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments.
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Body Position and Movement
Kinesthesia: The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.
Vestibular sense: The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of
The pupil is where light can enter the eye. The iris is in control of the amount of light that actually goes through. The light reaches the lens, which alters the shape of it so the eye can focus on it. Light reaches the retina, which consists of cones and rods. Colors are saw differently based on their implied meanings, which to various psychological functions. The cones are responsible for color. The color red would have such an effect on people’s perception of others based on their production of affect, behavior and cognition. A sociocultural theorist would explain this effect by indicating that the associations with the color red are normal. When a student sees a plethora of red marks on their paper, they automatically think they failed the assignment. Biological theorist would best explain this theory by saying the color red helps them survive or reproduce. A man may be attracted to a woman more because she is wearing red. This attractiveness could cause him to find his mate and eventually reproduce. A behavioral theorist would explain this effect by saying the color red provokes pleasure and avoids pain. A person can associate red with romance and
The high percentages of individuals who endure this impairment justifies and practically demands future research because the causes are not fully understood. The need for future research can be better emphasized if those with normal vision try to empathize with victims of macular degeneration. One can only imagine how frustrating it must be to receive sensatrions only in the periphery of the retina. Because the macula encompassed the cone rich fovea, which is used to focus on objects, the fovea degenerates as well. This occurence inables individuals to interpret the sensations they experience. Reading, ...
Let's look at smell again, then. My last paper left off with the following conclusions regarding the olfactory system. There are between 500 and 1000 unique protein receptor genes which are expressed only in the olfactory epithelium. These receptors each respond to a unique odorant or to a unique feature on an odorant molecule (epitopes). It is suggested that there is a one - to - one relationship between a specific odorant, its protein receptor, and the sensory neuron: that is, any given sensory neuron expresses only one type of receptor and is therefore responsive to only one kind of odorant. Each type of neuron is randomly distributed across one of four zones within the olfactory epithelium. The information from this population coding is then reorganized, as these axons leave the epithelium and travel to the olfactory bulb, into a very specific, spatially organized map of activity across the several hundred kinds of receptors. The span between the 1000 types of receptor neurons, and discrimination amongst 10,000 odors, is bridged in the interpretation of the ratios and relationships of activity level across the population. The olfactory bulb was compared to an operators switchboard, and the process of odor identification was likened to determining which switchboard lights were flashing. The obvious question then becomes, what parts of the brain watch over the olfactory bulb, monitor its activity and interpret that activity? What parts of the brain assign meaning and identity to each pattern of stimulation, and then choose an appropriate response?
Rods are responsible for vision at low light levels they do not mediate color vision, and have a low spatial acuity. Rods are more sensitive to light then cones. Cones are active at higher light levels and are capable of color vision and are responsible for high spatial acuity resulting in sharp images. Rhodopsin is the light sensitive pigment in rods. Rhodopsin molecules break down into a protein called opsin and an organic compound called retinal which manufactures vitamin A. Iodines are the light sensitive pigments of cones. They contain different proteins than the
The retina contains rods and cones which detect the intensity and frequency of incoming light and, in turn, send nerve impulses to the brain.
The three primary colors - as far as light is concerned - are red, green, and blue. In order to "see" images, the human eye enables light to stimulate the retina (a neuro-membrane lining the inside of the back of the eye). The retina is made up of what are called rods and cones. The rods, located in the peripheral retina, give u...
Our objective for this lab was to learn more about the distribution and capabilities of sensory cells. In Table 1, the mean for the angle stimulus detected was 78° and the mean for the angle color detected was 58°. The results from the table indicated that I was able to detect an object was near before I was able to detect the color of the object. Being able to detect an object before detecting the objects’ color could be explained by the type of photoreceptors located in the center and periphery of the retina. Based on my results from Table 1, I was able to conclude that the photoreceptor that is most common in the center of my eye is cone cells. I was able to conclude this due to the mean angle to which color was detected. Thus, the photoreceptor most common in the periphery would be the rod cells.
and the iris which is the colored part of the eye, it regulates the amount of light
retina. The image that forms on your retina is flat, but you see a world of
Color Vision Development in Infants: The Responsibility of Cone Types and Wavelength in Order of Color Development
Sensation refers to the process of sensing what is around us in our environment by using our five senses, which are touching, smell, taste, sound and sight. Sensation occurs when one or more of the various sense organs received a stimulus. By receiving the stimulus, it will cause a mental or physical response. It starts in the sensory receptor, which are specialized cells that convert the stimulus to an electric impulse which makes it ready for the brain to use this information and this is the passive process. After this process, the perception comes into play of the active process. Perception is the process that selects the information, organize it and interpret that information.
First, one must have the five senses; taste, smell, hear, see, and feel. Yes, these are physical aspects, however, these senses are what any human needs to be, human. For example, the human body needs to be able to taste. It must ingest food, and the food must appeal to a decent taste. A human must also be able to smell, so one may smell a poisonous gas, delicious food, or any other stench that may linger in the air. To be able to hear, enables the human to hear danger or a noise that appeals to them. When seeing, danger is also noted as well as the care of others. When one feels, the object that is being felt may make the person feel comfortable. Not only the sense of touching, but feelings.
One sub-system under the sensory system is the visual system; the main sense organs of this are the eyes. The eye is the sensory organ that allows us to detect light from external stimuli. When a light ray is detected, the eye converts these rays into electrical signals that can be sent to the brain in order to process the information and giv...
Perception is defined as the process of organizing, interpreting, and selectively extracting sensory information . Visual perception is left to the individual person to make up their own mind. Perceptual organisation occurs when one groups the basic elements of the sensory world into the coherant objects that one perceives. Perception is therefore a process through which the brain makes sense of incoming stimuli.
The Eye is the organ of sight. Eyes enable people to perform daily tasks and to learn about the world that surrounds them. Sight, or vision, is a rapidly occurring process that involves continuous interaction between the eye, the nervous system, and the brain. When someone looks at an object, what he/she is really seeing is the light that the object reflects, or gives off.