Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)

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Diabetes is a condition that occurs when the body does not produce sufficient insulin or fail to use the insulin effectively, leading to hypoglycemia. It is a chronic disease that progresses with time and causes other serious complication. The disease affects ~26 million Americans. Glucose is a vital source of energy for the body and food is the primary source of glucose in the body. The insulin secreted by the pancreas is necessary for the uptake of glucose by the liver, muscle and fat cells. In Diabetes mellitus, liver and fat cells fail to respond to insulin mediated glucose uptake. Though glucose levels are high in the blood, the liver and fat cells are starved of glucose and energy. On the other hand, the high blood glucose can have a …show more content…

There are four types of Diabetes. The type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), is also called childhood diabetes. It occurs from genetic causes and is hereditary in nature. In T1DM, the pancreas produces little or no insulin, and the patient is dependent on exogenous insulin administration for their survival. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is the common form of Diabetes that is seen in the population. Albert also has T2DM. The diagnosis of T2DM is done during adulthood and it is an important disease in the aging population. In this disease, the body fails to respond to insulin. Unhealthy lifestyle and obesity, are important risk factors for this disease. The third type of diabetes is seen during pregnancy and is called gestational diabetes. Pre-diabetes is often defined as a fourth type of diabetes. The sugar level in this condition are not sufficiently high to classify the patient as diabetic. Unhealthy eating habits and lack of physical activity are responsible for prediabetes. It is more common in the population than …show more content…

It also produces new bicarbonate ions. When PH falls, the urine has very low levels of HC03-. The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs most of the HCO3- that is excreted. The carbonic anhydrase in the epithelium of proximal convoluted tubules, converts the H2CO3 in the tubular filtrate to H2O and CO2. The CO2 reenters the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule. In the basement membrane, it is hydroxylated to bicarbonate ions with carbonic anhydrase II. The bicarbonate ions are co-transported along with Na+ across the basolateral membrane, back into the system. ("Acidosis and Alkolosis",

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