Abstract Biodiesel production has received considerable attention in last few year as a sustainable, biodegradable and non-polluting fuel. The consumption of biodiesel will promote balance required between agriculture, economic development and environment. Transesterification is the most feasible method for conversion of triglycerides to methyl ester and conversion efficiency is higher compared to all another method. Transesterification is highly suitable for the production of biodiesel with the lowest investment. The effect of catalyst concentration, oil to alcohol ratio, temperature, time, free fatty acids and water content as well as agitation intensity speed plays an important role in the transesterification process. As transesterification …show more content…
vegetable oil or animal fat react with a catalyst or without any catalyst by using primary or secondary monohydric aliphatic alcohols having 1–8 carbon atoms to form 3 mol alkyl ester which is known as biodiesel and 1 mol glycerol. Glycerol is generally considered as a waste product in transesterification. See Figure 1 Figure 1: Transesterification reaction Transesterification reaction is three stepwise reactions with intermediate formation of Diglyceride (DG) and Monoglyceride (MG) resulting in the production of production of 3 mol of Methyl esters and 1 mol of Glycerol. This method is now commercially used in biodiesel production in North America, japan and some western European countries[4]. 4 Factors Affecting on Transesterification Reaction The main factors affecting on transesterification reaction are a molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil, catalyst type and amount, reaction time and temperature, and the contents of FFAs and water in oils. 4.1 Molar Ratio of Alcohol to …show more content…
The stoichiometric molar ratio of alcohol to oil for the transesterification is 3:1 and the reaction are reversible, higher molar ratios are used to increase the solubility and to enhance the contact between the alcohol molecule and the triglyceride[30]. With higher molar ratios production is increased but recovery is decreased due to poor separation of glycerol. Lower molar ratios require a longer time to complete the reaction. Thus, at the optimum molar ratio, the process gives higher yield and easier separation of the glycerol and
The most classic and standard procedure for producing esters is the Fisher-esterification reaction. Discovered in 1895 by German chemists Emil Fischer and Arthur Speier 4, this reaction involves refluxing a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst. In order to drive the equilibrium towards the products, the water from the dehydration process must be removed and there must be an excess amount of alcohol. A vast range of carboxylic acids may be used for this reaction however the type of alcohols are limited. Primary and secondary alcohols are most frequently used in esterification reactions, tertiary alcohols are steric ally hindered usually resulting in poor yields5 and tend to undergo elimination reactions instead. In this rea...
5. The use of short sentences in paragraph 7 creates an intense effect that are simple but strong enough to show Alexie’s determination.The consistent and straightforward arrangement of these short sentences can easily make the audiences feel Alexie’s efforts of studying hard as an intelligent Indian. Also, these short sentences created an confident and steadfast tone, emphasizing Alexie’s determination in reading and surviving.
Esterification is the process of forming ester between an acid and an alcohol. The acid in this process can be an organic acid such as carboxylic acid or an inorganic acid such as sulfuric acid. Using excess acid or alcohol and removing water are the ways to shift the equilibrium towards the products. Using excess acid or removing water distract the equilibrium so that more product forms to make the equilibrium repeatedly. In this lab, carboxylic acid and methanol were used as esterification reaction. Methanol is a good solvent treated with heat because it gives the most rapid reaction and the highest yield. The analytical methods used are melting point, IR, and TLC. Melting point decided with solids and different rf values and IR spectrum was shown due to composition change.
The state of Florida defines secondary transition as “Secondary transition refers to the process a student with a disability goes through as they move from high school to whatever comes next, including postsecondary education, employment and independent living. “Secondary transition is the process that provides students with special education services for post-school living. The services are provided by the IEP team in partnership with the student and family during the ages of 14 through 21 and sometimes even younger. The areas of service that can be provided to the student include instruction (classes), community involvements opportunities, an employment and post-school adult living plan, and learning living skills and vocational skills when
Biodiesel is considered an environmentally friendly alternative because it reduces the amount many toxic substances. Plants such as soybeans require carbon dioxide from the air to produce their stems, roots and leaves. During biodiesel production from soybean oil, carbon dioxide is produced and released in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is considered a green house gas (GHG). However, this cycle of GHG emission does not neccersarily contribute to the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This is because the next soybean crop will reuse the carbon dioxide emitted for its growth. Another important environmental benefit is that biodiesel reduces particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. These benefits occur because biodiesel contains 11% oxygen by weight. Oxygen allows the fuel to burn better, resulting in fewer emissions from unburned fuel. And lastly, biodiesel fuels do not contain any sulfur and does not have an unpleasant smell when it is emitted from vehicles.
I chose the topic of transgenderism. Transgender is when an individual tries to switch genders. Transgender comes from the Latin words trans, meaning “across.” Transgender literally means “across gender.” Many trans-individuals decided later on in their lives that they want to switch genders, and other people argue that they were born the wrong gender. Trans-people experience many difficulties throughout their lives. Switching genders makes their lives more challenging, because of many reasons. Their lives are more challenging because of their religion, whether or not they are accepted. The military is very strict, and will not accept trans individuals whatsoever. Insurance companies sometimes will not accept them as well. Trans people are not always accepted by certain occupations. Growing up in schools, trans people are all treated differently regarding to which bathroom/locker room to use. There is a huge debate whether or not trans students are even allowed to participate on sports teams, and if they are, which team to be on. Other obstacles such as birth certificates, passports, and driver’s licenses are all major issues as well. Trans people have to decide if they are willing to come forward, and say ‘This is who I am.’ But before trans-people can come out to other, they must come out to
"A lot of people see gender as very one-sided, girl or boy, but in reality, even the choices of one, the other, both, or neither just don't feel right.” Many people don’t realize that there are more gender identities than just “male” and “female.” In June 2016, The Williams Institute at UCLA estimated that about 1.4 million US adult’s genders don't align with the one they were assigned at birth. One can identify as the opposite gender from their assigned sex, as no gender, as both, or as a unique identity not so easily categorized.
The main focus of the lab is the transesterification process, and biodiesel transportation fuel. The transesterification process is a process in organic chemistry where the alkoxy group of an ester compound is exchanged by another alcohol. The triglycerides react with an alcohol to from the esters and glycerol in a transesterification reaction. Oil is converted to biodiesel fuel using transesterification. Biodiesel fuels are liquid fuels that are produced from the oils. Biodiesel fuel
There any many different biomass feedstocks available for catalytic fast pyrolysis, including rice stalks and switchgrass to name just two. These have different chemical compositions and therefore tend to yield slightly different bio-oil compositions, due in part to impurities in the dry biomass. It is common to dry the biomass feed and catalyst before they are added to the reactor in order to minimize the amount of water introduced to the system and then grind the biomass and catalyst particles so that they are very small, on the order of 100 microns for both3–5.
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the affect of the use of a catalyst and temperature on the rate of reaction while keeping all the other factors that affect the reaction rate constant.
The purpose of this assignment is to explain the impact of English language learners in the classroom. As a foreign student, English language learner in the United States faces multiple challenges for achieving academic success. To successfully complete a task, they need to master both English as a language and how it is used in core content classes especially when they are an adult. When trying to assist in instructing English language learners, they usually have many concepts and language abilities that they need to master, as do the teachers that are trying to teach them. With the incorporation of the concepts and approaches to identify and assess the issues and concerns that we have learned in our classroom instruction, such as lesson preparation,
Microalgal biotechnology has emerged due to the great diversity of products that can be developed from biomass. Microalgal are photosynthetic prokaryotic or eukaryotic microorganisms that grow rapidly and have the ability to live in different environment due to their unicellular or simple multicellular structure.Microalgal have a simple cellular division cycle which allows them to complete their development cycle in a few hours. Microalgal when subjected to physical and chemical stress can produce high concentration of certain compounds for example proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, polymers and pigments.To produce these products, microalgae are grown using carbon dioxide,sunlight and industrial wastes in open pond systems and photobioreactors . Usage of industrial wastes reduces cost of culture medium nutrients and also reduces environmental problems.The fuel that we obtain now are mostly from fossil fuels and they are not a renewable source of fuel. Thus it is important that we find another alternative source of fuel. The growth of Algae Oil is a recognised process due to its final products and the production of oil is a function of the selection and feeding of a specific strain of algae. The production of Algae Oil is primarily used in the process of producing biodiesel fuel. All Biofuels are made from biomass. These biofuels can all be produced from algae. Microalgae contains oil within its cell. This oil can be used to make biodiesel. There are many kinds of microalgae which contains oil. Once they are grown, the oil is removed from the microalgae using chemicals or by squeezing oil out of the cells using scientific equipment.The oil is used as an ingredient in biodiesel. This oil is changed chemically from plant o...
The heating rate of biomass for fast pyrolysis can be high as 1000°C/s- 10,000°C/s, however maximum temperature for the process is maintained below 650°C. the primary interest is to produce for tis process is to produce bio-oil, however temperature can be increased up to 1000°C produce fuel gases in the same process (Table 1). There are 4 important factors that can affect the liquid yield heating rate, reaction temperature, residence time and rapid quenching of the product gas. Maintaining these factors can increase the liquid yield of biomass and maximize the production of bio-oil.
Everyone is a part of a community. Most people are a part of multiple communities. A community is a group of people that have a commonality. Sometimes it is based on where you live, hobbies, goals, etc. I believe that communities are created unconsciously and are connected to someone’s identity, especially when a person is considered a part of multiple communities. Sometimes, a person may connect very well with their community. Sometimes, a person may feel very distant from their community. In the movie, “English Vinglish”, the main character, Sashi, shows examples on how communities are created through commonalities, and the acculturation theory. Sashi was a part of multiple communities. A few communities included her, her Daughter’s school,
In relation to social transformation I have gathered materials that focusses on programs provided for ‘refugees’ living in New Zealand. The purpose of my findings are based on the societies support for ‘refugees’ in terms of human security and directions of life before settling in their new destination. There are stories about ‘refugees’ that need to be shared and stories that need to be forgotten, because it can produce controversy within the society or the universe. But where can these ‘refugees’ go if the place they call home is unsafe or too risky for the lives of their families and for themselves. It’s hard enough to migrate into a new country, but it is devastating for refugees who have experienced the loss of homes and loved ones.