Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis using ZSM-5 Joseph Tilly 12/12/2014 Contents Fast Pyrolysis Overview................................................................................................................................. 2 ZSM-5 and HZSM-5 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 3 Literature Review .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Studies conducted using ZSM-5 and HZSM-5 ........................................................................................... 3 Studies other than pure ZSM-5 or HZSM-5 ............................................................................................... …show more content…
It has a highly ordered pore structure which is well-known, allowing for use as a highly shape selective catalyst. ZSM-5 can be functionalized by adding acid sites instead of metal ion sites, resulting in the zeolite catalyst HZSM-5. An illustration of the pore channel structure of ZSM-5 is shown in figure 22. Figure 2. Pore channel structure of ZSM-5. Figure taken from Kokotailo et al.2 Literature Review There any many different biomass feedstocks available for catalytic fast pyrolysis, including rice stalks and switchgrass to name just two. These have different chemical compositions and therefore tend to yield slightly different bio-oil compositions, due in part to impurities in the dry biomass. It is common to dry the biomass feed and catalyst before they are added to the reactor in order to minimize the amount of water introduced to the system and then grind the biomass and catalyst particles so that they are very small, on the order of 100 microns for both3–5. Studies conducted using ZSM-5 and HZSM-5 Carlson et al., Srinivasan et al., and Li et al. all used commercially available Pyroprobe® reactors, at least in part of their experiments, to study catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass and compare those results with other groups who also used a Pyroprobe® setup3,6,7. The …show more content…
Carlson, T. R., Vispute, T. P. & Huber, G. W. Green gasoline by catalytic fast pyrolysis of solid biomass derived compounds. ChemSusChem 1, 397–400 (2008). 4. Zhang, H. et al. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of straw biomass in an internally interconnected fluidized bed to produce aromatics and olefins: effect of different catalysts. Bioresour. Technol. 137, 82–7 (2013). 5. Zhang, H., Xiao, R., Jin, B., Xiao, G. & Chen, R. Biomass catalytic pyrolysis to produce olefins and aromatics with a physically mixed catalyst. Bioresour. Technol. 140, 256–62 (2013). 6. Srinivasan, V., Adhikari, S., Chattanathan, S. A. & Park, S. Catalytic Pyrolysis of Torrefied Biomass for Hydrocarbons Production. Energy & Fuels 26, 7347–7353 (2012). 7. Li, J. et al. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass with mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolites prepared by desilication with NaOH solutions. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 470, 115–122 (2014). 8. Mullen, C. A. & Boateng, A. A. Accumulation of Inorganic Impurities on HZSM-5 Zeolites during Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Switchgrass. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52, 17156–17161 (2013). 9. Vispute, T. P., Zhang, H., Sanna, A., Xiao, R. & Huber, G. W. Renewable chemical commodity feedstocks from integrated catalytic processing of pyrolysis oils. Science 330, 1222–7
In 1960 Oswald and Golweke proposed the use of large‐scale ponds for cultivating algae on wastewater nutrients and anaerobically fermenting the biomass into methane fuel. Algae, like all bio fuels, harvests the energy from water and sunlight to produce oil which can be converted into biodiesel as well as the carbohydrate content to be fermented into ethanol (Benemann, Olst, et al. 1). The concept of using vegetal oil as an engine fuel likely dates back to when Rudolf Diesel (1858‐1913) developed the first engine to run on peanut oil, as he demonstrated at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900 (Biodiesel 1). Using algae, however, is only a very recent concept as the first algae biodiesel plant only opened this year on April 1, 2008. The company, PetroSun, is expected to produce ≈4.4 million gallons of algal oil and 110 million lbs of biomass per year in their 1,000 acres. Fuel will not be produced immediately, but they will be building or acquiring ethanol and biodiesel production plants in the near future (Cornell 1).
In order to gain strong insight into the surface chemistry of silica we have perform a thorough literature search. Our goal is to identify the pioneer research performed on silica and silica supported catalyst. Particular interest lies in silica-water-cobalt and silica-alcohol-cobalt systems. This study is both on macro and micro level so that a complete theoretical base can be established. From this theoretical knowledge, key areas to look upon will be identified and a design of experiments will be established. The goal is to develop a both efficient and effective product (catalyst) using a novel methodology developed from past research.
Biomass Energy Basics (2007). NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved July 22, 2007, from http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re_biomass.html Biomass Energy Vol.3 (2007). Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons
The social structure of George Orwell’s 1984 is based on Freud’s map of the mind and the struggles between the id, the ego and the super ego. The minds of these individuals living in this society are trained to think a certain way. Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis can be applied to Orwell’s 1984. Using Freud’s psychoanalytic approach, 1984’s main character Winston Smith is portrayed as the one who goes against the ideas of the Party. In a Freudian point of view, Winston’s character represents a mind where the id is the driving force and where the ego and superego are ill developed in the views of the Party. Freud describes the psychoanalytic process as something that is normally used to treat patients with metal disorders, and in the eyes of the party, Winston is seen as one that has a mental disorder. The procedure that Winston undergoes directly parallels Freud’s psychoanalytic process.
Pimental D and Patzek (2005). Ethanol Production using Corn, Switchgrass and Wood; Biodiesel Production using soybean and Sunflower. Earth and Environmental Sciences, 14 (1).
In the world of global warming, all kinds of pollution and fuel shortages going on, renewable and clean/ green energy is increasingly the ideal solution of energy related problems we have to solve one way or another. Biofuel is one of the mainstream and highly supported solutions nowadays, an idea to make renewable fuel by living organisms such as fiber, corn, vegetable oil or sugar cane. Unlike nonrenewable fossil fuels over extracted by people causing various environmental problems like generating a considerable amount greenhouse gas, current technology already lets renewable fuel like biofuels to shrink a certain amount of greenhouse gas production, making it a more ‘clean’ source of energy.
In 2004 an article was published on the creation of ethanol from gases made from switchgrass. The article was titled, “Fermentation of Biomass-Generated Producer Gas to Ethanol.”
The continuous depletion of fossil fuel resources and their increased demand has changed the outlook from ancient resources of fuel to new resources especially biomasses of plant origin. Plant biomass is a promising raw material for fuel generation to sustain fuel requirements in the modern age. Basically biofuel these days can be divided into first generation and second generation depending upon the type of biomass used. Biofuel derived from sugars, oils, cereals, sugarcane and starch are categorised in first generation fuel while use of lignocellulosic biomass like soft and hardwood, agricultural wastes, straw and corn stover provides second generation fuels [1].
The heating rate of biomass for fast pyrolysis can be high as 1000°C/s- 10,000°C/s, however maximum temperature for the process is maintained below 650°C. the primary interest is to produce for tis process is to produce bio-oil, however temperature can be increased up to 1000°C produce fuel gases in the same process (Table 1). There are 4 important factors that can affect the liquid yield heating rate, reaction temperature, residence time and rapid quenching of the product gas. Maintaining these factors can increase the liquid yield of biomass and maximize the production of bio-oil.
As more concerns are being raised about the effects of greenhouse gases being produced and put into the atmosphere many different ideas are being looked at. These ideas are looking at reducing the amount of these gases that are put into the atmosphere. Not only is this an idea but researchers are looking for ways to produce a cheaper, but yet more effective alternative. One alternative that they have come up with to an alternative to regular gasoline that will be cheaper to produce as well as lower the amount of emissions that it will produce is Biofuels. Biofuels are, “All biofuels and bio-based products come from “biomass”, a term that covers all living or recently living biological material which can be used as fuel or for industrial production. Examples include wood, corn, sugarcane, and manure.’’(eartheasy) Biofuels can be a major source of fuel in the future.
Biomass gasification is a process by which biofuel is produced. It has been used for over 180 years but in the last decades it has been reconsidered as an interesting technique due to the fact that oil supplies are decreasing. As mentioned before, gasification is a thermal process. Heat is added up in order to convert the organic mass to biofuel. The biomass usually undergoes drying, pyrolysis, partial oxidation and reduction. Nowadays the configurations used for gasification are three: fixed bed gasifier, fluidized bed gasifier and entrained bed gasifiers. The simplest configuration is the
There have been countless forms of green renewable energy advancements in the last decade, ranging from biomass energy to geothermal energy. Through biomass research, technologies have been developed to convert biomass—pant matter such as trees, grasses, agricultural residue, algae, and other biological material—to fuels. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory claims that “These biofuels will reduce our nation's dependence on foreign oil, improve our air quality, and support rural economies.”, although realistic implementation of this technology has yet to been uncovered (Science & Technology).
Solid biofuels include manure, wood or charcoal burned as fuel as well as more recent innovations like high-density clean burning pellets. Solid biomass can be burned to produce electricity or heat either as part of a co-firing power plant or by itself. The most important advantages of biomass fuel is that it is most of the time got by waste-product of other processes, product or residue, such as farming, animal husbandry and forestry. In theory this suggests there's no competition between food production and fuel, although this can be not continually the case.
With the world’s source of fossil fuels depleting, we need to find an alternative energy source. Biofuel is one considerable option. Although biofuel has not been used widespread, it has been used quite extensively in several countries. Such countries include Sri Lanka, China, India, and countries/regions in Africa that have large amounts of wood. Biofuel has appeared to be fairly effective in developing areas, and other countries have started using it.
Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) was ground, passed through a 0.5 mm sieve, and pyrolyzed. Fast pyrolysis was accomplished at 500 °C and the residence time was regulated at 1.63 s by an inert nitrogen gas flow. Then, 2 kg of biomass was fed into the fluidized-bed fast pyrolysis reactor and held for 1 h. The nitrogen gas in the reactor was maintained at a flow rate of 50 L/min. The volatile pyrolytic products were cooled and condensed to a liquid phase bio-oil with an average yield of 48.3 wt% [19].