Chapter 9 encompasses three major topics token economy, contingency contract, and behavioral parent training. A token economy is a system for motivating clients to perform adaptive behaviors. Client are rewarded with tokens for completing an adaptive behavior and lose tokens for maladaptive behaviors. This is normally used in a group setting rather than for an individual. Joseph Lancaster set up a token economy system in a school and used the token method to motivate students to perform better academically. The Token economy started in the 19 century here in the United States. The economy today began with a program for hospitalized patients created by Teodoro Ayllon and Nathan Azrin in 1961.
There are four basic elements of the token economy:
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Achievement Place is the prototype of the teaching family model for rehabilitating juveniles in trouble with the law. Achievement Place was set up in a house in the boys' community and run by two people, Elery and Elaine Phillips, a married couple trained in behavior therapy. This too also proved to be an effective intervention. This system deemed to be so effective that it has even rehabilitated some client and made a contribution to securing them employment. The token economies system is so prevalent that it has been widely implemented in preschools, elementary and secondary classroom across the gamut of educational levels. Not only is the intervention effective for people with maladaptive behaviors, it is also effective for people with disorders such as hyperactive disorder and Asperger's syndrome. The primary purpose of the token system in an educational environment is to increase academic performance, this has also been …show more content…
The goals of the training were to clear, direct, and age-appropriate instructions to their children; consistent reinforcement for prosocial, desirable child behaviors, and consistent and appropriate punishment for children's noncompliant and disruptive behaviors. This method is evidence based, meta-analytic studies have demonstrated that behavioral parent training is effective in changing children's noncompliant and disruptive behaviors. Chapter 9 was very informative but it left me with more questions than answers. I never looked into the token economy before, but I was aware of it. I remember being in kindergarten and was awarded stickers for going into sitting down at a desk and not talking for five minutes. However, I never thought about how it was widely implemented even in adult life. For example, this is similar to my credit card with chase. If I use my credit card to make purchases which is the target behavior I get some reward point which is the reward for myself for meeting the target behavior. Something that jumped out to me was that the token economy can be effective for people of all ages for a variety of reason. I was forced to think about the African American community. In the African American community, most discipline is done through threatening and through physical violence. I wonder it African American parent were introduced to this method if there would be a more positive
...(2004). Applying the principles of effective intervention to juvenile correctional programs. Corrections Today, 66(7), 26-29. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=4bd9d7f2-8ac5-42c6-a100-a2443eda9cbf@sessionmgr4002&vid=1&hid=4213
Siegel, L., & Welsh, B. (2011). Juvenile delinquency the core. (Fourth ed., p. 54). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Today not only do we have adults committing crimes, but millions of adolescents are committing the same crimes as adults. “Statistics show more than 1.1 million youths being arrested on a daily basis, and more than 800,000 youths belonging to different gangs (Siegel &Welsh, 2014).” It is the state juvenile authorities to deal with these children and the cost is massive. So states came up with programs to put a stop to kids becoming delinquents. With doing so they hope to save money and help kids.
Students that have been labeled “delinquent” need help in beating the odds to become successful adults. As C. Ogletree discusses article, Total Reform for a Broken System, a program needs to be created that includes family involvement and support to create concrete goals and means for students to achieve them, in the aim of becoming successful students throughout each school until graduation. It is a great goal for school institutions to strive in changing students’ behavior for the better, giving them a fair opportunity in education. Not to single out those of low-income homes, race, or learning disabilities. It should be the goal to get to the heart of misbehavior that is introducing so many students into the juvenile justice system. School institutions need to be place of supportive and structured learning from day one. Students enter school as young children, for the first time away from parents, relying on educators to guide them throughout their day. School Institutions should look for a positive approach that emphasizes on individual strengths to promote learning. The restorative circles program is having been introduced into school systems as an alternative to the zero tolerance policies. It creates an involvement of communication between all parties in any issue. Whether it be good or bad, it offers support for students to discuss issues and ideas, opening a line of communication between parents, teachers, and students, which will be key a student’s
There is much controversy over the correct disciplinary actions for kids. If parents discipline their kids too little, they could turn out to be spoiled and entitled, but if they discipline them too much, the kids could become rebellious and act out more often. Experts do not have a specific answer as to which strategy is most effective when teaching a child right from wrong. Although, new studies have shown that numerous parents are very unknowledgable about how quickly their child develops, which can lead to disciplinary problems. In Belinda Luscombe’s article “Most Parents Who Spank Their Kids Say it Doesn’t Work” from June 8, 2016 Time Magazine, the author effectively uses logos for its appeal to reason, and pathos to further convey the information across as to why parents
Last Chance in Texas, which was written by John Hubner, is definitely a must read for anyone involved in the criminal justice system, parents, students studying criminal justice, and anyone concerned with the future of the Juvenile Justice System in their community and in this country. If you are not familiar with the Juvenile Justice System, it is a System which is constantly being debated about on its purpose and effectiveness and this book gives us hope of a way of positively effecting juvenile’s lives to reduce criminal activity of young people. There are many sides to what people think may be the correct way of treating and punishing, and in his book, Hubner does a great job of explaining his opinion on the matter through his personal experience after visiting this ground breaking facility with a successful system in a small town in Texas that is treating troubled juveniles and finding the source of acting out and committing crimes. To balance effective punishment and rehabilitation and fairness is the main goal of dealing with Juveniles that are in the justice system and Hubner explains in his book how the State School handles this and effectively creates this balance that is so highly sought after. He follows the journey of several troubled youths as they go through the State School and details his observations and feelings about the program and its effectiveness.
Handling a young fragile mind can be difficult; but studies have shown therapeutic rehabilitation is key in not causing unrepairable damage. The majority of youth offenders has been exposed to harsh environments and rough upbringings. Years of exposure to violence and neglect can create a sort of brain-washing. It is imperative to focus on important aspects of life in order to transform the mind of the juveniles. An efficient method that involves keeping the juvenile in the community is referred to as multisystemic therapy. “Multisystemic therapy is an intensive therapy program which focuses on numerous aspects the delinquent’s life: family, school, social and other unique factors which may relate to the behavior” (May, Osmond, and Billick 298). When using the multisystemic approach juveniles decrease association with other delinquents, juvenile and adult. The therapeutic method gives an individual approach on focusing deeper on the root issues and helps the juvenile renew their minds and thought process. In the end, adopting multisystemic therapy decreases the likelihood of the youth continuing in a criminal
A family is referred to me because the parents have been using excessive punishment with their son and daughter. Whenever their children misbehave at school or at home the father beats them with a belt all over their legs and back and the mother does not beat them with a belt or other objects but she will slap them in the face if they are out of line or she will refuse to let them eat for a whole day if they do not do their chores or if they have a temper tantrum. The parents are wanting to change and find better ways to punish their children when they misbehave because they are at risk for losing their children to Child Protective Services if they do not change their forms of punishment. Both the Mother and Father were raised in a household where their parents used excessive punishment and they do not know any other way to punish their children. They also have no knowledge of the fact that they can change the behaviors of their children in a positive way by using the appropriate forms of extinction, punishments and reinforcements. I would then define, explain and give examples of extinction, punishment and negative reinforcement to the parents to make sure that this excessive punishments does not happen again. I would ask the parents what some of the triggers are and discipline problems that they are experiencing from their children to cause them to resort to using excessive punishments. I would then use those behavior problems such as temper tantrums and the children not doing their daily chores without being told to do so to be able to come up with an action plan to try and help the parents change those negative behaviors in their children in a positive way.
Much like the adage, prevention is better than cure, as many African American parents hoped to prevent an incident in which their child would be disciplined by America. In this attempt, the parents would make certain that their child is disciplined beforehand. The method used was physical discipline, a lower standard than the discipline of America. While reminiscing of the first time his father disciplined him physically, Coates recalls that “Maybe that saved [him].
The definition of motivation according to Kennedy (2000), “[t]he internationalist view asserts that internal and external factors influence the change process From this perspective, motivation is seen as an interpersonal process that can be influenced in a positive way by the professional (para.18). A high-risk youth is defined as a male or female between the ages of 12-17 years old who has had some contact with the law or is at risk of becoming an offender. There is a lack of motivation in some high-risk youth to positively change their lives around. According to Stinson (2009), risk factors associated with juvenile delinquency include “poor academic performance, early childhood aggression, and hyperactivity; lack of parental involvement/interaction and inadequate parental supervision and monitoring; and community/environmental factors, including access to drugs and weapons, and lack of access to community resources due to poverty” (p. 11). At risk youth that engage in community based programs in Ridge Meadows, B.C. such as KidStart, Connex, Yardworks, Community Work Service, sports and leisure and counseling, are more successful later on in their young adulthood versus high risk youth who do not attend such programs. The KidStart program is a mentoring and one-on-one program that works with youth who are at-risk and experiencing difficulties in their lives. According to PLEA (2010), “[t]he primary objective of the program is to strengthen the young person's resilience to the risk factors that are known to lead to victimization, violence and criminal activities” (para. 1). Yardworks is a program that provides youth with work experience and life skills to allow them to enter the workforce and work alongside with a PLEA staff membe...
teach new skills and decrease challenging behaviors” (pg. 24). Based on my own observation, I’ve seen teachers implement a token economy (e.g., happy faces, stars, and stickers of different forms) to shape and reinforce positive behavior in the classroom. To maintain instructional control, tokens would be delivered immediately to a student when following simple instructions (e.g., following circle time, cleaning
The goal of deterrence has its limits because rules and former sanctions, as well anti-criminal modeling and reinforcement are met with young rebellious minds. Traditional counseling and diversion, which are integral aspects of community corrections, can sometimes be ineffective, and studies have shown that sometimes a natural self intervention can take place as the youth grows older; resulting in the youth outgrowing delinquency. 2. What is the difference between a.. What are foster homes like?
Many Juveniles have been deprived of their proper treatment due to society’s lack of understanding and compassion, yet research clearly shows that mental health treatment not only keeps them at bay from repeating their crimes, but also helps them live a more positive lifestyle in society. In times we blame the juvenile for their mistakes, however instead of pointing fingers at them, we can come together as community to help them overcome their “inner demons”. After all, it is not the children committing the crimes, but their mental disorder that is hindering them from living a normal lifestyle.
Throughout the decades, parenting has evolved resulting in altered child rearing experiences for adults. It has changed from the 1920s, when children had to work no matter where they lived, to now where you can't discipline your kid and society decides what is right. Punishing your child became customary over time, but today physical punishment is highly frowned upon. Looking into each of the decades since 1920, family life has been focused on the child and influenced by community expectations.
Early intervention into the lives of children has been proven to prevent delinquency. At an early age it is an effective means of changing the course of children’s lives for the better. The most commonly agreed upon age to begin e...