Questions for Boutot & Hume, 2012 E. Amanda Boutot & Kara Hume Texas State University & University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Michael Calalang September 10, 2017 1. Define Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). Please state in your own words… Do not use quotes. The best way to describe Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is to understand human behavior, what causes the behavior and how to use evidence-based techniques to shape the individual’s behavior. I also view ABA as therapy for individuals who struggle with behavioral issues, finding ways to replace problem behaviors and reinforcing the participant’s appropriate behaviors in specific settings. 2. How is ABA different from Behavior Modification? …show more content…
Behavior Modification strategizes to reduce varieties of unwanted or unexpected behavior by utilizing reinforcement and punishment. In hopes to changing a specific behavior, the individual will learn that good behavior will result in good consequences. In a 1:1 setting, Discrete Teaching or DTT is a method part of ABA that involves the use of “three-term contingency” or simply known as antecedent, behavior and consequence. For example, in a 1:1 setting, a teacher asks a student to clap hands (antecedent), the student claps hands (behavior) the teacher gives student a piece of candy (consequence). 3. Explain how teachers use ABA without realizing its impact on their day-to-day interactions with their students. According to Buotot & Hume (2012), “In education, ABA is routinely used in attempts to teach new skills and decrease challenging behaviors” (pg. 24). Based on my own observation, I’ve seen teachers implement a token economy (e.g., happy faces, stars, and stickers of different forms) to shape and reinforce positive behavior in the classroom. To maintain instructional control, tokens would be delivered immediately to a student when following simple instructions (e.g., following circle time, cleaning …show more content…
You are consulting in a classroom where the teacher wants to change the “bad attitude” of a student. If you targeted the student’s “bad attitude” would your actions be considered behavior analytic according to Baer et al. (1968) and Boutot & Hume (2012)? Why or why not? My actions would be considered behavior analytic according to both Baer et al. (1968) and Buotot & Hume (2012) because the “bad attitude” is the target behavior and could be testable if given more information as to why is the student having a “bad attitude” in the classroom. ABA could be used to decrease the challenging behavior when provided the appropriate techniques. I would properly do an assessment in the classroom to see if the behavior is observable and measurable. If the student is giving a “bad attitude” because of an assignment, then I could design a reinforcement schedule to alter the “bad attitude” to a “good attitude.” If the student completes the assignment in the classroom, then the student will be rewarded with a token for the “good attitude.” 5. What are the 4 common myths cited by Boutot & Hume (2012)? State in your own words one way you might explain one of these myths to a parent or teacher. Make sure you also explain how the myth is inaccurate. According to Boutot & Hume (2012), the four common myth are: (1) “ABA and DTT
The most typical component of ABA used is positive reinforcement, which studies have shown to be an effective technique within a variety of settings and circumstances. Ferguson and Rosales-Ruiz (2001) conducted a study in which they utilized positive reinforcement in order to modify the behavior of horses. Prior to the study, the five horses observed were demonstrating inappropriate behaviors while loading into a trailer, which can be dangerous for both caregivers and the animals (p. 409). In order to deter these behaviors, the researchers provided the mares with preferred foods as positive reinforcement as the behavior was gradually shaped. They began by reinforcing approximate behaviors until the desirable behavior was achieved. At first, the horses were reinforced with food for several trials if they simply stepped near the entryway and touched their noses to a towel (the distance marker) without maladaptive behaviors. Over the series of eight steps, the target was pushed farther back into the trailer and the horses were reinforced for each successive approximation (p. 412). After all of the trials, each horse ended up completing the tasks and the inappropriate behaviors thereafter fell to zero. This was completed simply through the use of shaping and positively reinforcing the successive approximations of the behavior without the use of punishment or negative reinforcement (p. 421).
The topic of today’s reading was the ABCs of Behavior. For one of the assigned readings, Starting with ABA, Dr. Lovaas studied a group of 59 children with autism and examined the best ways for them to learn. He discovered that 19 of the children who received 40 hours a week of ABA therapy had the best outcomes, and within that group, a 47% became indistinguishable from their typical peers by first grade. Therefore, if ABA teaching techniques were used intensively during the formative years, fewer children required services after the first grade, through adulthood. Also this reading mentioned another form of ABA, the Verbal Behavior (VB) approach, this builds on all the ABA research but also enhances a child’s ability to learn functional language. VB adds an Applied Behavior Analysis approach to teach all skills, it is a fairly new and popular approach that has actually emerged from the basic teachings of ABA. But, it was not until 1998 that parents of children with autism got interested in the VB approach, and the Assessment of Basic Language and Learning Skills (ABLLS). The ABLLS is a great tool for a consultant trained in the VB approach, but for a parent without any background in ABA, it can be very overwhelming. Nonetheless, the popularity of this book among parents led to a significant shift to the discrete-trial teaching (DTT) or Lovaas approach towards VB. In DTT, the therapist presents a demand, gets a response, and then gives a consequence (a reward or punishment). The VB works on the same principles of demands, responses and consequences, but the approach is different. As appeared on the second reading, The ABCs of ABA, every behavior contains three parts: the antecedent (A), which is what happens just...
The core principles of Applied Behavior Analysis were seen in several of this weeks required readings, appearing in all or multiple sources. Their definitions varied in each reading, all providing more clarification upon the previous. The first term, applied, refers to the "commitment to affecting improvements" in the field. (Cooper 16) Baer, Wolf and Risley said that whether or not something is applied is determined "by the interest which society shows in the problems being studied." (Baer 92) Both sets of authors emphasize that importance of the practitioner taking ownership in dictating how important it is to change the designated behavior. Also, the importance the behavior holds in society, because many of them represent the clients
The history of Functional analysis, as both a concept and a procedure, may be traced back to the earliest days of the field that carried out behavior evaluation (Applied Behavioral Analysis) or even to the earliest days of simple research in behavior evaluation that fashioned the inspiration for Applied Behavior Analysis. Indeed, it isn't unreasonable to state that the history of Functional analysis is undoubtedly related to the history of the area of Applied Behavior
Baer, Wolf, and Risley wrote a great informative article. It taught much about the seven dimensions of applied behavior analysis, which are applied, behavioral, analytic, technological, conceptually systematic, effective, and generality. They went in depth and explained each dimension allowing the reader to really understand applied behavior analysis. The breakdown of these seven dimensions will allow readers to be informed and know what applied behavior analysis consist of.
The Behavior and Communication approaches are based on structure, organization, direction, and family participation. Applied Behavior Analysis is “the science of learning and human behavior” (Atwood 35). ABA uses step-by-step progression to break down skills as well as using reinforcement and extinction. Reinforcement is the act of rewarding good behavior, while extinction is taking away these rewards. There are different forms of Applied Behavior Analysis, two of which are Disc...
I am drawn to the field of applied behavior analysis as it is a way of understanding that allows me to address the needs of my clients and determine how to help them beyond just the label of a diagnosis. Through using applied behavior analysis effectively the origin and meaning of a behavior can be highlighted. When a behavior occurs a detailed report is created to describe the situation prior, what the behavior was and the consequences of that behavior. Furthermore behaviors within some cases can be used as a form of communication when words are not available. For this reason the study of behavior allows me to help my clients and those around me in a way that is more definite and lasting.
(1) An Assistant Behavior Analyst certified by the national Behavior Analyst Certification Board as a Certified Assistant Behavior
Improving from autism is the ideal outcome and we’re made to feel terribly sorry for the families whose kids don 't progress. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is mention in the article which is a process of studying and changing behavior. It has been effective for many individuals with Autism. What happens is it changes the environment and observes the responses from the person, to result in changed behavior or to learn new skills. Applied Behavior Analysis teaches skills through use of careful behavioral observation and positive reinforcement. ABA involves intensive training of the therapists, extensive time spent in therapy which is around 40 hours a weeks. I look to it as a method used to train an animal. A child with autism should know how to do the right thing because it 's the right thing, and he understands, not because he 's been trained to simulate "normal" behavior, or expects a reward. All children are different, what works for one, may not work for the next. Yanofsky is the father of a teenage son with autism. “I didn’t want to discover all the things my wife, Cynthia, and I could have done and didn’t. That thought keeps me up enough nights as it is.” I think it 's wrong when parents are made to feel that they control the outcome of their child’s disability. And we don’t need our kids to beat
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy is one of the most widely recognized and sought out treatments for persons diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). ABA is based upon more than 50 years of scientific investigation with individuals affected by a wide range of behavioral and developmental disorders (Skinner). It is an ABA based approach that contains the fundamental characteristics to educate those effected with ASD.
There are different ways that a teacher can deal with a student’s undesirable behavior. Some of these strategies are: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment or extinction. The type of r...
In the Applied Behavior Analysis field, countless individuals can be helped using ABA techniques and psychological theories. My client is a 41-year-old man, who just went through a divorce, lost his job, and is now rebuilding his life. He is dealing with the loss of seeing his two children on a constant basis. He is now dealing with thoughts of failure, not fitting into any place in society, and isolation.
Behavior Modification and it Application to a Variety of Behaviors Within in an Educational Setting
Applying behaviorist theories in the classroom is called direct instruction (Campana, 2011). As Campana’s (2011) video explains, these forms of direct instruction include breaking down tasks into smaller and easier steps, modeling by the instructor, repetition and review, and structured/systematic planning. There are many proven advantages to using behaviorist techniques in the classroom. As in Skinner’s theory of learning, the implementation of reinforcements can improve behavior, increase motivation, and raise self-esteem in students.
The main instance that I use behaviorism in my classroom is through positive reinforcement. I praise, praise, praise my students all day. Students who are such young learners receive much motivation when they hear praise and specific praise at that. It allows them to be eager to please their teacher and provides a sense of self-accomplishment. In my classroom, I also use a treasure chest, reward coupons and PBIS reward money as major components of positive reinforcement. At the beginning of the year, I teach my students my classroom expectations and that I expect the best from them. This includes all of their daily work, including journal writing, morning work, etc. My students know what my desired outcome is. Student’s behavioral efforts are measured and collected on a weekly basis through a behavior chart. Their assignments are measured on accuracy and completeness in order to help them recognize the importance of their effort in finishing an assignment. I utilize a rubric on many of my assignments in order to help them achieve their best. Their meeting certain standards on their weekly behavior chart allows them to receive