Ange Liu
Dr. Prasad
BMEN 3130.002
17 January 2014
Lab 1 Literature Report: Temperature Sensor Lab
Temperature is a vital sign of the human body and is one of the first signs of a patient’s health. Temperature sensors are among one of the most basic types of medical devices and the purpose of this lab is to understand the basics of such a device. There are many ways to measure temperature using electronic circuits, this lab will focus on thermistors (Chandrahas).
“Thermistors are thermally sensitive resistors whose prime function is to exhibit a large, predictable and precise change in electrical resistance when subjected to a corresponding change in body temperature” (What). There are many types of thermistors; first they are divided into subcategories of negative or positive temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCs, PTCs, respectively). There are two types of NTC thermistors: beaded and thermistors with metalized surface contacts. The normal range for the NTC thermistor to sense is from -50°C to +150°C. The vernier sensor used in the lab has a range from -25 to 125°C with a maximum temperature tolerance of 150°C without damage. Bead type thermistors are used in this lab. “Commercial bead type resistors have a platinum lead with diameters ranging from 0.018 mm to 0.1 mm”. They generally offer high stability and reliability, quick response, and operate at high temperatures. In a thermistor, voltage changes with temperature. Resistance and temperature have an inverse relationship (Chandrahas).
Normal body temperature differs between person to person from 97.6°F to 99.6°F. Many factors cause variations of body temperature throughout the day such as activity, time of day, and hormones. The most common abnormalit...
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...digital thermometers. They are placed on the temporal artery of the forehand and reads infrared heat. Plastic “fever” strip thermometers measures temperature from the forehead, but are very inaccurate. Pacifier thermometer is intended for babies to suck on in their mouth. It is inaccurate because it depends on stability in the mouth and that is very difficult for babies. Glass and mercury thermometers is probably the oldest and most common thermometer around the world. It was very popular until it is realized that they create the risk of exposure to mercury (Types). Rate of respiration can be measured by counting the number of breathes in a certain amount of time. Anything done ‘free handed’ is not as accurate as it should be; thought it is convenient and easily accessible. To obtain an average of results, for each part of the lab there shall be 3 trials per person.
As humans are homeothermic mammals, core temperature is maintained within a narrow range, usually within 0.2° of 37°C regardless of the environment. This is a life saving adaptation since various physiological systems in the body require narrow temperature ranges in which they can function optimally.
The purpose of this lab was to calculate the specific heat of a metal cylinder
Nano-thermal analysis methods are also known as micro-thermal procedures and they use the principle of characterizing highly localized materials on a micrometer. The characterization is then changed from a micrometer scale to a sub-micrometer scale with the temperature being regulated to the specified units. The application of nano-thermal analysis methods started towards the end of the 20th century. Although it has been applied in several other fields including microelectronics, its application in pharmaceuticals has not been that popular.
Ascertaining the adequacy of gaseous exchange is the major purpose of the respiratory assessment. The components of respiratory assessment comprises of rate, rhythm, quality of breathing, degree of effort, cough, skin colour, deformities and mental status (Moore, 2007). RR is a primary indicator among other components that assists health professionals to record the baseline findings of current ventilatory functions and to identify physiological respiratory deterioration. For instance, increased RR (tachypnoea) and tidal volume indicate the body’s attempt to correct hypoxaemia and hypercapnia (Cretikos, Bellomo, Hillman, Chen, Finfer, & Flabouris, 2008). The inclusive use of a respiratory assessment on a patient could lead to numerous potential benefits. Firstly, initial findings of respiratory assessment reveals baseline data of patient’s respiratory functions. Secondly, if the patient is on respiratory medication such as salbutamol and ipratropium bromide, the respiratory assessment enables nurses to measure the effectiveness of medications and patient’s compliance towards those medications (Cretikos, Bellomo, Hillman, Chen, Finfer, & Flabouris, 2008). Thirdly, it facilitates early identification of respiratory complications and it has the potential to reduce the risk of significant clinical
On the lid of the calorimeter, there were two holes and one was being used for the thermometer, and the second one was left open. This hole could have let heat to escape as the reaction was taking place which would have lowered the final temperature value. These conditions would have led to a lower final temperature value. To prevent even the slightest anomalies in the future, any holes on the calorimeter can be covered by tape or another item that could block the passage. The top of the calorimeter could also be covered with aluminum and this would not only cover the holes but would secure the space under the lid so any heat that may escape would stay within the area due to the aluminum. Aluminum could also be tucked in the space between the lid and the calorimeter to once again lock the heat in. This way, the calorimeter will be more effective and maintain all the heat of the reaction resulting in values that are completely accurate and decreasing even the slightest
The purpose of the lab is to understand how to calculate the calorimeter constant by using a calorimeter. This allows us to analyze the heat reaction of different substances. Calorimetry is a word that comes from both Latin and Greek. The prefix “Calor” in Latin signifies heat and the suffix “metry” in Greek means measuring. Therefore the word itself translates to measuring heat. Joseph Black, was the first scientist to recognize the difference between heat and temperature. Energy is always present in chemical and physical changes. The change of energy that occurs when there is a chemical change at constant pressure is called enthalpy. Enthalpy changes , as well as physical and chemical changes, can be measured by a calorimeter. The energy that is released or absorbed by the reaction can be either absorbed or released by the insulating walls of the instrument.
A thermometer * A clamp * A Bunsen burner * A stop clock Method = =
Firstly we lay them on the back to get the resting heart rate and we
Temperature: Oral temperature 101 degrees or greater; axillary (armpit) temperature 100 degrees or greater; accompanied by behavior changes or other signs or symptoms of illness- until medical evaluation indicates inclusion in the facility. Oral temperature shall not be taken on children younger than 4 years (or younger than 3 years if a digital thermometer is used). Rectal temperature shall be taken only by persons with specific health training.
- Temperature was measured after and exact time i.e. 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes.
Anesthesiologists have many responsibilities. 3They measure the patient’s temperature, pulse, heart rate, and breathing rate while under the sedative. They have...
With advanced technologies such as this the acidity of the infant’s blood as well as the heart rate can be measured. New
The limitations to this vital sign though are to understand and know the different types of thermometers. Many aspects can affect temperature such as exercise, age, stress and surrounding weather and environment. It is important to make sure the patient is relaxed and hasn’t been doing strenuous activities shortly before being assessed (Berman, 2015) . For a healthy adult, the normal body temperature should be around 37°C. Anything over that is considered a fever (Martha Keene Elkin, 2007). Similar to the other vital signs though, everybody is different and someone might have a slightly higher or lower temperature which is normal for them. There are many different types of thermometers. There are oral, rectal, chemical, tympanic and temporal artery thermometers as well as more (Berman, 2015). Depending on the person, different thermometers are used. Aspects such as being a child, not being able to move, being asleep while your temperature needs to be taken can all affect which type of thermometer a health care professional uses. For example, if a patient is asleep then it is very invasive to use an oral thermometer because you would have to open their mouth and then if they wake up they would feel very violated. My worry about taking temperature is which thermometer to use or if I could just use any. The difficult part was finding out whether there were special circumstances to use certain
If you’ve ever seen the Austin Powers movie I’m sure you remember the part where they cryogenically freeze Austin and then thirty years later thaw him out to save the world. While we all know Austin Powers isn’t real, I’m sure you wondered if this freezing could be done in real life. Today we will look at what exactly cryonics is, what businesses claim to provide it, the procedure and its risks.
Body temperature is the average core temperature of the human body which is usually around 37 degrees. According to Marieb and Hoehn, 2010, body temperature shows the balance between heat production and heat loss. This temperature however, can change and is dependent on a few different factors for example how old the individual is, the environment that they are in and if the individual has a known illness (Hockenberry and Wilson, 2007). This