Early Modern Essay
The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) first began with when the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II of Bohemia tried to reduce the religious activities of his subjects, provoked rebellion among Protestants. The war involved the strongest powers in europe for example, Sweden, France, Spain and Austria all of them prosecuting campaigns mainly on german land. Mostly known for the cruel wrong doings by mercenary soldiers, ending the war with a couple series of agreements that made up the Peace of Westphalia. The consequense of this adjusted and changed the political and religious map of central Europe, creating the oppertunity for the old centralized Roman Catholic empire to submit to a community of sovereign states. the Holy Roman Empire
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Directly requesting for aid to the Protestants in the empire and to the bigger foreign Protestant states. For example, the Dutch Republic and denmark. Ferdinand responds with asking bavaria who is leading the German Catholics and spain. In the following effort, Ferdinand that got elected as Roman Emperor in 1619 and his allies won a important victory at White Mountain (1620) which allowed the annihilation of Protestantism in most parts of the Hapsburg lands. Confident by this success, Ferdinand turned in 1621 against Bohemia’s Protestant supporters in Germany. even though having the help from Britain, Denmark, and the Dutch Republic they lost aswell and by 1629 imperial armies commanded by Albrecht von Wallenstein killed most of Protestant Germany and a big part of Denmark. Ferdinand then distrubited the Edict of Restitution, taking back lands in the empire that belongs to the Catholic Church that had been captured and separated from religion by Protestant …show more content…
Trouble arose when men had problems locating resources. After time, came France’s victory over the Spaniards at Rocroi (1643) thus Sweden’s defeat of the Imperialists at Jankau (1645) forcing the Hapsburgs to make compromises that in 1648 led to the Peace of Westphalia, which fixed most of the larger issues.
The Treaty is one of the most important documents in the history of Europe with details of returning the taken territories, information about wrong doing events during the war and the armies would be disbanded and all of the prisoners from war set free. A very important political result of the war and the treaty was that France became a dominant state in continental Europe. The Treaty laid the legal foundations for the modern system of IR.
Things that were new in this war was that it can be called the first modern war. New fighting forces were made like mercenary troops and armed marauders. War became an industry which people could personally gain on and profiteers plundred resources at every given chance. The amountof people kiled was estimated to be around 4-12 milion lives, way more brutal and vicious than any other previous
Catholic empire by bishops of the west. The west was looking to restore their empire as bishops
Social and economic stresses of The Protestant Reformation age were just among few of the things that impacted the ordinary population of Europe. The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, and cultural disorder that divided Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the ordinary population. In northern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church’s ability to define Christian practice. In 1555 The Peace of Augsburg allowed for the coexistence of Catholicism and Lutheranism in Germany; and in 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years’ War. The key ideas of the Reformation, a call to purify the church and a belief that the Bible, should be the sole source of spiritual authority. However, Luther and the other reformers became the first to skillfully use the power of the printing press to give their ideas a wide audience.
The wars going on throughout Europe through this era were claiming territories through conquest, marriage alliances, or inheritance agreements on the basis of religious uniformity (429). In the 1540’s Germany’s Charles V set into motion attacks against the German princes who were proponents for Lutheran worship. This failed due to the financial taxing of the war Germany had going on with France as well as the fear that the oppression of the Lutheran prices would be similarly done to the Catholic princes in time. In 1955 the Peace of Augsburg was instituted, stated that where Lutherans ruled, Lutherism would be the religion, and the same for Catholic regions. This treaty, while successful in Germany, would set the standard of division of religion throughout Europe (430–431).
Beginning very early in the seventeenth century, religious tension was rampant throughout Europe. An example that illustrates the disastrous effects of religious conflicts in Europe that caused a tremendous amount of violence can be seen in the Holy Roman Empire. In 1618, Ferdinand Habsburg a devout Catholic succeeded the crown of the Holy Roman Empire, and set out to unify the empire under the Catholic faith. However, this mission of Ferdinand Habsburg was not accepted by Protestant citizens, which essentially led to the violence to come. In May 1618, a group of Protestant nobles killed two of the king’s catholic officials, which created the spark for Protestants all throughout the Empire to revolt. Instances of religious revolts were reported in Hungary and Bohemia, ultimately creating an exponential effect, and a reason for Protestants to unite and revolt to preserve their faith. This particular historical event later was termed the Defenestration of Prague. However, the violence did not stop there; in fact the violence only multiplied. Religious conflicts continued to occur in Bohemia in the Battle of White Mountain in 1620 in which Frederick V a Calvinist, lost to Fer...
The period immediately following the Protestant reformation and the Catholic counter reformation, was full of conflict and war. The entire continent of Europe and all of it's classes of society were affected by the destruction and flaring tempers of the period. In the Netherlands, the Protestants and the Catholics were at eachother’s throats. In France it was the Guise family versus the Bourbons. In Bohemia, the religious and political structures caused total havoc for over thirty years; and in England, the Presbyterians thought that the English Anglican Church too closely resembled the Roman Catholic Church. Religion was the major cause of the widespread turmoil that took place throughout Europe between 1560 and 1660.
The war started out as a dispute over a declaration by Duke Ferdinand and escalated to a large-scale war between Catholic versus Protestant, Calvinist, and Lutheran religions. While the war began due to religious motivation, the war ultimately ended up being a political tool used to limit the Hapsburg power in Spain. France, a Catholic power, and other anti-Catholic entities throwing their support behind Gustavus Adolphus, who was a deeply religious Protestant fighting the largely Catholic Spain. This led to a division of the Holy Roman Empire and left Germany divided as Sweden, France, and the Catholic Church carved out their territories through political means to increase their own party’s
This was not as Luther had intended, and could have been due to the flexibility of his message and that it was so accessible. The princes did however consolidate the protestant religion in Germany. As stated, it was the conditions of Germany at the time of Luther that made the country particularly ripe for this new radical reform. His message was strong enough to spread, Luther using the countries conditions to his advantage. Reform had begun.
The war that went on for seven years ended with the signing of the treaties of Hubertusburg and Paris in February 1763.. The War and the treaty of Paris was the Announcement of 1763 was one of the first documents issued to govern the colonies. The war was very long and sad. Many people lost their lives. The big war caused a assembly of effects that sacrificed Britain to its colonies.
Spanish America as well as multiple other kingdoms. The death of Ferdinand II opened the door for Charles V to become King Carlos I of Spain in 1516. In 1519 when Maximilian I died, Charles V was left with the Hapsburg domains and was elected Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (11). With all of the nations he inherited combined, his domain was estimated at four millio...
...n Italy’s support by promising Venetia and gained Russia’s assurance that they would stay neutral. Prussia was well prepared for war, with three Prussian armies swept Bohemia, and the battle of Sadowa, Austria suffered defeat.
The Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century is one of the most complex movements in European history since the fall of the Roman Empire. The Reformation truly ends the Middle Ages and begins a new era in the history of Western Civilization. The Reformation ended the religious unity of Europe and ushered in 150 years of religious warfare. By the time the conflicts had ended, the political and social geography in the west had fundamentally changed. The Reformation would have been revolutionary enough of itself, but it coincided in time with the opening of the Western Hemisphere to the Europeans and the development of firearms as effective field weapons. It coincided, too, with the spread of Renaissance ideals from Italy and the first stirrings of the Scientific Revolution. Taken together, these developments transformed Europe.
The Holy Roman Empire was an empire in central Europe consisting of many territories and ethnicities. Once very powerful, the empire’s authority slowly decreased over centuries and by the Middle Ages the emperor was little more than a figurehead, allowing princes to govern smaller sections of the empire. Though the various ruling princes owed loyalty to the emperor, they were also granted a degree of independence and privileges. The emperor, an elected monarch, needed the allegiance of the princes and other aristocracy to support him, in turn giving them power or money. This tenuous allegiance between powers was greatly strained in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as religious reform dominated Europe and religious tensions divided the empire. Beginning in the sixteenth century, the empire’s power significantly declined because of the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation split the empire’s states into Protestant and Catholic divisions, straining the peace between territories. Though the relationship between the princes and the emperor had already been tenuous, the princes, seeing the religious divisions, sensed weakness in the empire and further challenged imperial authority. The Holy Roman emperors battled Protestant princes in Germany into the seventeenth century, where tensions were still high from the Reformation and wars of religion – initially contained to the German territories – began to include other territories and states. As more European states joined the conflict, the Holy Roman Empire continued to deteriorate. From the early sixteenth to the mid seventeenth century, the Holy Roman Empire’s power declined greatly because of its internal religious rifts, conflicts (in particular the Thirty Years War, whic...
This war was important in East-West relations in that both wanted their own particular brand of government to be established there after the war. NATO is basically the police of the world. It protects the interests of all the countries that embody it. Without NATO there would probably be a lot more countries looking to fight with each other because there isn't a body to interpret both sides and come up with a decision. NATO saves a lot of lives in the ways that in some ways it goes against war and for peace.
Ever wondered what was one of the longest lasting empires that ever existed. The Holy Roman Empire was an empire with tremendous emperors and terrible emperors throughout its era. The Holy Roman Empire was an empire that was in existence from 800-1806(Cavendish). The Holy Roman Empire controls the majority of what is now Europe(Holy). During every change of emperors the landscape of the land they ruled changed to how they liked it during the Holy Roman Empire.
Profitable interests and competitions played a part, so did people’s religion and the power politics. This essay will cover the key countries in the war, how the Thirty Years’ War ended, and the effects of the war. Learning about the countries involved, how the war ended, and the effects really showed me how much the Thirty Years’ War changed the European area and changed the lives of the people that lived there. Everyone is going to have their own opinion on the war and how it turned out, but personally I find that the war actually created a positive outcome for the European region. Just look at some positives such as the Holy Roman Empire and the Hapsburgs losing power, also changing the way of their religion, boundaries, and reign of power within the states.