Centered along the Malian-Mauritanian frontier the empire of Ghana, one of Africa’s first empires, was prospering. As Ghana continued to reign over western Africa another empire was beginning to emerge. Under the leadership of Sundjata Keita the Malinke Empire, otherwise known as the empire of Mali, was being formed around the upper area of the Niger River. When the empire of Ghana was overtaken by Muslim Almoravids during the 11th century, the Malinke Empire was more than ready to take it’s place. Sundjata’s empire continued to develop through conquests and unions of several smaller states. The empire used Mande culture, ideology and language to dominate the rapidly expanding territory. Sundjata’s reign of the Malinke Empire was cemented by the idea of Mande cultural superiority. Sundjata proved to be a powerful ruler continuing to stretch the Malinke Empire from the Atlantic coast south of Senegal River to Gao on the east of the middle Niger bend (mali.pwnet.org). At this time the Malinke Empire was producing and transporting copper, salt and kola nuts along the Niger River and establishing itself as the world’s largest producer of gold. As these material goods disseminated so did the Mande language, technology and culture. After Sundjata’s death Mansa Musa came to power during the 14th century. Mansa embraced Islam and brought his religion to the empire. It was believed Islam would open up the international commercial world and it did. At the height of the 14th century the Malinke Empire peaked under Mansa’s reign, covering nearly 9000 square miles of western Africa, establishing itself as the controller of the trans-Saharan gold trade. Mansa made the pilgrimage to Mecca, otherwise known has haji. Traveling from Niani, the M... ... middle of paper ... ...e (cia.gov). In 2012 Mali exported about 2.756 billion dollars in goods, however that is just a small fraction compared to a country like the United States or Germany who export nearly 1.500 trillion. As a result of French dominance in Mali, French is now the official language of Mali (Ghosh). However, the Mande language is still used by a few ethnic groups. Griots, Mande oral historians, still sing praises in order to spread the history of the previous empire that existed. The French also pushed Christianity on the Malians during their time in power however, only a small portion continues to practice it. Muslim remains the dominant religion, with roughly 95% of the population practicing it. There also continues to be gender inequalities. Women have limited rights even though there is a constitutional mandate in place that requires women and men be treated fairly.
The kingdom rose to power and used its resources to become wealthy and prominent. Mali used its central trading location and surplus of valuable goods such as gold, salt, and copper to become the strongest and most powerful trading nation in Africa and Southern Europe. The nation had a strong leader in Mansa Musa who brought order, the Islamic faith, great economics, and an emphasis of scholarship to Mali, all of which were crucial to the country's success. Mali became an Islamic nation which brought a sense of togetherness for the citizens of Mali but gave Mali strong ties with other Islamic Nations. This togetherness helped Mali obtain peace and civility and helped in diplomacy. Mali’s Military also served as valuable asset in its rise to power. The army protected trade routes, helped keep peace and order in the country, expanded its borders and secured tribute from other countries. Mali’s success as a nation can be attributed to many different factors all of which were crucial in the development of the empire. Mali rose to great heights and flourished as nation. Their success should be respected and admired by
Mackie, R. (2008), ‘The Art of the Benin: Changing Relations between Europe and Africa I: The conquest of the Benin in the 1890’s’, in Brown, R (ed.), Cultural Encounters (AA100 Book3), Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp. 16-32
Imagine being the richest man in North Africa. Mansa Musa was not only this but a ruler and a very religious muslim. Mansa Musa was a very rich African emperor who walked all the way from his Kingdom of Mali to Cairo then eventually to Mecca with the goal to follow his religious guidelines of giving away 2.5 percent of his whole wealth and completing his holy pilgrimage.
Europe, in the late 1800’s, was starting for a land grab in the African continent. Around 1878, most of Africa was unexplored, but by 1914, most of Africa, with the lucky exception of Liberia and Ethiopia, was carved up between European powers. There were countless motivations that spurred the European powers to carve Africa, like economical, political, and socio–cultural, and there were countless attitudes towards this expansion into Africa, some of approval and some of condemnation.
In the mid-1800’s Africa south of the Sahara contained more than seven hundred different ethnic groups. Most were organized into communities based on ties of tradition and family. Occasionally, a powerful group formed a state that was strong enough to conquer neighboring groups and form an empire. Europeans had already moved into North Africa. The once-powerful Ottoman Empire had become too weak to prevent local rulers from taking control in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt. These countries were no match for the Europeans bent on conquest.
In the 1300s Mansa Musa, king of Mali took his holy pilgrimage to the city of Mecca as a devout muslim, traveling through scorching deserts and bustling cities, although there might be other reasons he took his religious Hajj. The pilgrimage of Mansa Musa traveled all across Northern Africa and Arabia, stopping in cities along the way where Mansa Musa gave out gold to all he saw. The journey from the Empire of Mali to the city of Mecca was not only a faithful religious journey to the holy city, but also to create a name for Mali as the wealthy and powerful empire it was.
Mansa Musa, fourteenth century sovereign of the Mali Empire, is the medieval African ruler most known to the world outside Africa. His intricate journey to the Muslim heavenly city of Mecca in 1324 acquainted him with rulers in the Middle East and in Europe. His authority of Mali, a state which extended crosswise over two thousand miles from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake Chad and which incorporated all or parts of the cutting edge countries of Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, and Chad, guaranteed many years of peace and flourishing in Western Africa.
Imagine being a poor slave in ancient Africa and a king wearing a gold crown was giving pounds of gold to you. Mansa Musa was “the king of all kings” in the Mali Empire. He was a true believer of the Muslim religion and followed the five pillars of Islam. In January of 1324, Mansa Musa traveled on a journey to Mecca. This pilgrimage or hajj was for only religious purposes so that he could complete two pillars of the Muslim religion-the hajj and zakat (charity) and he could alsk follow the Qur'an.
Sundiata developed into a great leader of Mali through hardships, religion, and core/tributary/periphery relationships of states. The djeli who transmitted this information to the translators, is also a manifestation of an institution important in Sundiata’s epic, because without djelis these stories would be lost forever. Sundiata learned about the formation, running and maintenance of African states through interactions with the communities he was introduced to.
Prior to the 19th century, the Europeans traded mainly for African slaves. It turns out they were not immune towards certain diseases and therefore had an increasing risk of becoming sick. For years to come this continued, but not much land was conquered. Eventually, conference between only the Europeans was held to divide up the land appropriately, and the scramble for Africa began. The driving forces behind European imperialism in Africa were expanding empires, helping natives, and natural resources.
African society used bodies of water such as the Nile, the Red Sea, and many more to transport goods across the continent and generate profit. For example, the city of “Aksum reached its height between 325-360. Aksum’s location made it an important international trading center.” After analyzing the map of trade routes in Document 1, it is clear Aksum was strategically built to have ties to the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. These two bodies of water give the city the freedom to import and export goods. Additionally, this work of trade did not come without reward. Cities who succeeded in the business became overly wealthy and had surpluses of gold and other riches. A king, Mansa Mansa, who expanded the Mali kingdom to be twice the size of Ghana, was not afraid to show his wealth as he showered other cities in riches out of generosity. In Cairo, Egypt, “there was no person, officer of the court, or holder of any office of the Sultanate who did not receive a sum of gold from him.” This is just one of the many examples of wealth in african cities and empires. What is impressive is the fact that before European trade became an influence, African people had already created a successful and very profitable system of
There was also a Kingdom called Mali that broke off from the Ghana Empire. At this time they had embraced the religion of Islam and had been under the great rule of Mansa Musa. This empire had the job of protecting the caravans or shipments carrying the goods, so that they can trade. They helped towards the function of trade so that both the importer and exporter gained something. In document 3 it explains how their wealth was great because of their trade. The document also talks about the fact that they had exhibited the characteristics of an advanced divination like sufficient food to feed its people, a strong army equipped with advanced weapons and income derived from taxes. Even though the Mali Empire had wealth there was very little corruption if there was with the ruler. He did not go mad with power but he was generous. In document four it states they there was no person who did not receive a sum of gold from him.
This essay deals with the nature of a cross cultural encounter between the Benin people and Portuguese traders in the 15th and 16th centuries, which resulted in the depiction of Portuguese figures in Benin brass plaques. It will propose that this contact between people with different cultures was on the basis of 'mutual regard' (Woods, K. 2008, p. 16), and although the Portuguese had qualms about idolatry in Benin it will show that assumptions by Europeans up to the 20th century of the primitive nature of tribal African societies was inaccurate with regard to the Benin people, who had a society based on the succession of the King or 'Oba', a Royal Family and Nobility. The essay will finally suggest that Benin’s increase in wealth following the arrival of the Portuguese led to a resurgence in bronze sculptures and the introduction of a new form, the rectilinear plaque.
Throughout history, imperialism has led countries to extend their rule over weaker countries and then colonized those countries to expand their own power. Imperialism allows the ruling countries to use the weaker countries for their resources. Colonizing other countries would then lead to growth and a better reputation for the dominating country. There are many examples of imperialism throughout European history. When many European countries “scrambled” for Africa, it seemed as though Africa had no say in anything. During the 19th century, Europe found a way to use Africa for their own growth and power. Using Africa for their resources, the Europeans colonized Africa without a second thought. European imperialism in Africa had a negative impact because of social disarray, cultural loss, and death it caused.
The Kingdom of Mali was an African hub of wealth, trade and education for over 225 years. Mali is an Arab version of the Mandinka word that means, “Where the king dwells”, and was vitally important in spreading trade, education, religion and culture along the Niger River. The rise of Mali into an Empire occurred in the early 13th century, when Sundiata defeated his enemies and won control of the West African gold mines. In 1312 Mansa Musa became ruler of Mali. During his reign which was known as Mali’s, “Golden Age”, he introduced Islamic beliefs to many communities along the Niger and enhanced education after his historic pilgrimage to Mecca. Mali’s rise was attributed to the Trans-Saharan Trade routes leading to and from Western and Eastern Africa. These trade routes contributed to the rise and fall of powerful African Kingdoms for hundreds of years, but for 250 years, Mali was the crown jewel of Africa.