Family planning is extremely promoted as a valuable maternal and child health intervention, especially appropriate for developing countries where the burden of child and maternal mortality is relatively high (Tsui & Creanga, 2009). For economic reason, Family Planning might be the most effective method of preventing unplanned and unwanted pregnancy, thereby, reducing the chance of infant mortality. Bongaarts (1987) mentions that recent reviews of relevant evidence have confirmed that an increase in the practice of family planning can, theoretically, reduce infant and child mortality rates. The reason for this relationship is that through family planning practice a couple can decide the time of birth, the time span between two births, and the (maximum) number of children they want to have (Saha & Soest, 2012) and can manage expenses thereby, enhancing the child’s chances for survival.
Unfortunately, most of the available research for developing country settings does not explicitly include the contribution of contraception, either to birth spacing or maternal and child health and survival (Tsui & Creanga, 2009) the focus is mainly on the other purposes of contraception not mentioned above. However the relationship, it is clear that Family Planning has an impact on Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). All these factors are related to the theory of demographic transition, which stated that mortality decline occurs along with an increase in industrialization and urbanization, a diffusion of medical technology, and rises in literacy and living standards (Yamada, 1985).
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is defined by the United Nations (UN) as the probability of dying between birth and exact age 1. It is expressed as average annual deaths per 1,000 b...
... middle of paper ...
...tp://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=122012
Tsui , A., & Creanga, A. (2009). Does Contraceptive Use Reduce Neonatal and Infant Mortality? Findings from a Multi-Country Analysis. Population, Family and Reproductive Health Department . Retrieved from http://paa2009.princeton.edu/papers/91181
Wegman, M. (2001). Infant Mortality in the 20th Century, Dramatic but Uneven Progress. The American Society for Nutritional Sciences. Retrieved from http://jn.nutrition.org/content/131/2/401S.full
World Health Organization (2013). Infant Mortality. Global Health Observatory (GHO). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/outcomes/infant_mortality_text/en/index.html
Yamada, T. (1985). Causal Relationships between Infant Mortality and Fertility in Developed and Less Developed Countries. Southern Economic Journal, 52(2), 364-370. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1059622
In Indonesia, for instance, The Agency for International Development (AID) reported that the Indonesian family planning program d...
Healthy people 2020 states “The risk of maternal and infant mortality and pregnancy-related complications can be reduced by increasing access to quality preconception (before pregnancy) and interconception (between pregnancies) care. Moreover, healthy birth outcomes and early identification and treatment of health conditions among infants can prevent death or disability and enable children to reach their full potential.” (CITE HEALTHY PEOPLE) Objective maternal, infant, and child health (MICH)1.1 has the goal of “reducing the rate of fetal deaths of fetuses at 20 or greater weeks gestation”. (C...
The American continent is divided in 3 regions: North America, Central America and South America. This last region counts with many countries that have a high adult and child mortality rate. For the purpose of this paper I selected Ecuador has the country with one of the highest number in mortality rate. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2011), the mortality rate for child under 5 years old was 23 per 1000 births and for adults the probability of dying between 15 to 60 years old was for males 162 and females 89 per 1000 births.
Lawn, Joy E., Simon Cousen, and Jelk Zupan. “4 million neonatal deaths: when, where, why.” Lancet 365,9462 (2005): 891-900. 03 Oct. 2013.
Document 1 shows the opinion of the Norwegian Prime Minister. His beliefs portray that, while religion and morality play a role in family-planning services, “morality becomes hypocrisy if it means accepting mothers’ suffering or dying in connection with unwanted pregnancies and illegal abortions, and unwanted children living in mistery.” He feels that women should be educated and that without this education population growth will become a more prominent issue. Document 5, a statement by the representative of the Syrian Arab Republic, also shows the belief that abortion should be a choice. Ultimately, it states that the enhancement of prosperity in societies, through family planning, is still in accordance with ethical and religious ideals. Document 6, a full U.N. Report, also shows the idea of abortion as a choice. It states that, “the aim of family-planning programmes must be to enable couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children and to have the information and means to do so.” Despite the fact that this family planning has led to a decrease in fertility rates, these services are still allowed, and barriers are even
3. Chandra A; Martinez GM, Mosher WD, Abma JC, Jones J (November 2005). Fertility, Family Planning, and Reproductive Health of U.S.Women: Data From the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Hyattsville, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services. pp. 17, 90. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
Herein I briefly overview the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) within the United States. Initially, I discuss specific causes of infant death and then, contributing factors which put babies at risk. Next, the distribution of various IMR is surveyed on a state to state basis. States possessing the ten highest infant mortality rates are discussed, including possible reasons for higher IMR. In addition, those states with the ten lowest IMR are mentioned. In conclusion, I consider preventative measures for minimizing the number of babies that die each year.
Every day, 370,000 babies are born into this world- each having the potential to live a prosperous and productive life. Unfortunately, some of these tiny, fragile humans do not live until their first birthday. The death of infants within the first year of life is known as infant mortality. There are many contributing factors as to why infant mortality may be high or low in a specific area. In order to measure the amount of deaths that occur in a particular region, the number of newborns that die before the age of one year old per 1,000 live births are recorded and is known as the infant mortality rate in that society. Generally, the infant mortality rate of a country directly reflects on the health-care system provided. Unfortunately, in today’s world, a child dies every four seconds.
O'Connor, P. (2008, October 18). US infant mortality rate now worse than 28 other countries. Retrieved June 9, 2010, from World Socialist Web Site: http://www.wsws.org/articles/2008/oct2008/mort-o18.shtml
Merli, M. G., & Smith, H. L. (2002). Has the Chinese Family Planning Policy been
American academy of Pediatrics (AAP), (1999). US Vital Statistics show Death Rates down, Birth Rates up: http://www.aapaorg/advocacy/archives/decvital.htm
In India, women are being manipulated to stop having children after their second birth. Officials claim that by regulating population and the pregnancies of women after their second child they will be able to empower women by offering them contraceptive choices and child care facilities. In reality, if women do not agree to be sterilized after their second birth they will be denied health care, rations for cheaper food, bank loans, and enrolment in government housing. Another major concern for women is the high rate of infant mortality in India. If women are sterilized after two births and lose one or both of their children, they will never be able to become pregnant again. Instead of the population control plan providing women with child care aid and options, they are removing their rights and their choices.
Teitelbaum, Michael S., Jay Winter. “Low Fertility Rates - Just a Phase?” YaleGlobal Online. Yale Global, 9 Jul. 2013. Web. 1 Mar. 2014.
Many people are needed to reap a field when the crops are ready. Therefore, many children must be born. The birth rates in third world cultures are very high as a result. Males are obviously preferred. Because of the...
...he second way to attempt to decrease the population is through increased active family planning programs. Especially in poor countries, it is a lot harder for women just to jump into the work force, and even harder for a poor country to become industrialized. For example, in Bangladesh, one of the world's poorest countries, birth rates have decreased from seven children per family to only 5.5. This is largely because forty percent of Bangladesh's woman now take part in some form of family planning.