The Hundred Years War
The Hundred Years’ War was a war between England and France in which France
defended its’ crown against British rule. This war had a great impact on the people of each country.
The origin of the war goes back to the conquest of William for England. In 1066
William, the Duke of Normandy, led an army into England. He won this battle and
became the king of England. This was possible under feudalism. Feudalism is a form of
social classification in which the members of an upper class are granted fifes, or pieces
of land, by higher ranking noblemen return for their military service. The vassal, the
person receiving the land, had to go through ceremony in which they would say that they
would be faithful to their overlord and fight for them if needed. In return the overlord
would protect the vassal (Lace 12).
Many years later Isabella, the wife of King Edward II of England, plotted to kill
Edward II making her son Edward III king (Lace 12). Because Edward III was very
young she would be able to rule the country through him. Edward II sent his son and
Isabella to pay homage to Charles IV in 1325 for French land that Edward II owned.
Isabella took her lover, Roger de Mortimer, with them and while there they began to
make their plans. After homage is paid to Charles IV the three went to Hainault. While
there Isabella and Mortimer convinced the Count of Hainault, William, to help them
overthrow the king. In 1327, with the help of William’s troops, Isabella and Mortimer
successfully overthrew Edward II and made Edward III king. During their overthrow,
King Charles IV of France, Isabella’s brother, died. When he died he had no children to
leave the throne to, but his wife Jeanne was pregnant. When she gave birth though she
had a stillborn daughter. This enabled Charles’ cousin, Philip of Valois, king. Some of
the people objected. Some thought that since Isabella was his sister she was closer to the throne than Philip and that she should be queen. Others thought that since Edward was
his nephew he should be king, but the majority of the French were against Edward
becoming their king (14). Philip was favored for many reasons: He was older: Philip was
35 and Edward was 15, Edward was under the control of his mother and Mortimer;
Edward was a well known warrior, and Edward was considered a foreigner ...
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...eople because he was no longer able to
feed them. The English would not let them through though. Philip eventually showed up
to defend Calais in July. Philip sent Edward a challenge, but edward refused because he
felt he had the city secured. Philip then left the town to its own fate. The next day Jeanne de Vienne rode out of town giving up his sword and the keys to the city (Lace 40).
Between the years of 1348 and 1350 the Balck death invaded Europe. This
horrible disease was spread by infected rats and fleas and killed 1/4 to 1/3 of the
population of Europe. Although the disease was most commonly found among the poor
in over populated cities Edward III’s daughterJoan died from it in Bordeaux. This caused
a huge deficit in soldiers and caused the war to come to a stand still for five years (Lace 41).
In 1349 a plot to retake Calais was discovered. The force was quickly put down
by a small English army. In 1350 Edward led an English fleet against the spanish from
Castille and won. This would be edward’s last victory and major battle. He turned over
his powers to his son Edward the Black Prince just two weeks before Philip of Valois
died (Lace 42).
younger son of Edward IV and as no one was sure what had happened to...
Before the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Moors were in control of much of the Iberian Peninsula. They desperately wanted to unite Spain and turn it into a Christian nation (“Isabella and Ferdinand”). Isabella carefully concocted a plan that would progress her ambition. She proposed to Ferdinand that they marry, which would unify Castile and Aragon, and kick-start the unification of Spain (“Ferdinand V”).
throne, and only wanted to find a faster way to obtain that authority, thus he
On Sept. 7th 1533, Elizabeth, the daughter of King Henry was born. The King of England wasn’t as thrilled since she wasn’t a boy, who would mean an heir to the throne, but it was still okay. Due to the fact that after 2 more births that resulted in death, Anne Boleyn was beheaded in 1936 when Elizabeth was only 3 years old. As her father continued to remarry, divorce, and execute his wives, one more child would be born, resulting to Elizabeth having one sister, Mary, and a new born brother named Edward. After Edward was born, his mother Jane died. She was known for being the one wife that Henry actually loved. Elizabeth grew into a very smart girl. She was known as Bess as times spoke Latin, French, German, and Henry gave her a tutor to study with. Along with everything else, she developed a temper that would help her later on as being a Queen.
Queen Isabella was born in 1451, in the city of Castile, Spain (Leon 75). She was the daughter of King John II and Arevalo (Maltby par 1). Her family was very strong Catholics and she was born and raised a Catholic. Her brother, Alfonso, became King. He banished her mother, younger brother, and her from the kingdom (Leon 75, 77). Isabella had chestnut hair with natural red highlights and her look was demure and soft. She went to school with nuns at Santa Ana Convent. At school, she fancied reading, writing, music, and painting. In her free time, she was tutored at home with her older brother. After her childhood, she learned treachery was everywhere. As a teenager, her family forced her to marry a scoundrel. That day, she prayed to God for deliverance. On the way to their wedding, he choked and died from bronchitis. From that day on, she was ready for what was coming her way.
In England during 939 AD, the English King Æthelstan died and was succeeded by his son Edmund I. Soon after King Edmund's coronation, he faced military threats from King Olaf Guthfrithson (Olaf III of the Norse-Gael dynasty and King of Dublin) whom still laid claim to York which ...
Elizabeth’s relationship with her elder male cousin, the Duke of Norfolk, was not good at all. The Duke of Norfolk wanted to kill Elizabeth because he wanted to become the king of England. Becoming the king of England was impossible while Elizabeth was still the queen. When Mary was on her deathbed with cancer the Duke of Norfolk tried to get Mary to sign a paper that would allow him to kill Elizabeth and become King of England. The Duke of Norfolk would speak against Queen Elizabeth and try to turn England against her. At one meeting she had to lock him and his men up so he wouldn’t cause a disturbance. They both had their differences.
Elizabeth was born in 1533, the daughter of the infamous Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. When Elizabeth was three, her mother was beheaded for treason and adultery, and Parliament declared her marriage to Henry invalid, which made Elizabeth illegitimate. Her chances of ever ascending the throne were again thwarted by the birth of Edward, the son of Henry and his third wife. When Edward, a Protestant, died in 1553, his older half-sister, Mary, a Catholic, took the throne. Mary always held bitter feelings toward Elizabeth because Anne Boleyn treated Catherine of Aragon, Mary‘s mother, badly. To avoid angering Mary, Elizabeth “conformed outwardly to Catholicism,” but she secretly hoped and plotted to restore Protestantism. She was briefly locked up in the Tower of London, and was almost executed.
The king may have become ill and died, and his son would have been too
“For he to-day that sheds his blood with me shall be my brother” -King Henry V (Fraser). King Henry V of England has prepared his troops for an honorable death in battle with his final speech, and now on St. Crispin’s day, in the year 1415, the battle of Agincourt begins. Outnumbered by thousands, the battle became a story of an extraordinary English victory and a shameful defeat for the French, but little did they know that the French unknowingly contributed to their own loss. The Battle of Agincourt was won by the English with a strategic placement of troops, but also because the French failed to strike the English where they were weakest. To begin the battle, the French attempted to distract the archers from a main attack by sending cavalry
believe that Richard didn’t trust the Southern English so he sent young Edward V and his brother up north to be guarded by
Edward II possessed none of the chivalric qualities attributed to great men of his time. Edward had no interest in knightly exercises such as joust and tourney. Instead of spending time with nobility, he preferred to consort with singers, actors, oarsmen, diggers, etc., who shared his tastes. This failure to understand the importance of patronage lost him the trust of nobility as he turned to unsuitable favourites such as Piers Gaveston and the Despensers whom he had homosexual relations with. Because Edward did not care about his responsibilities as King, he appointed these men to handle his affairs. Gaveston assumed this position and behaved like a second king who was above everyone, and had no equal. He was accused of treason and executed. When the younger Despenser was later appointed, he too was accused of the same crimes, namely accroaching royal power and dignity and counseling the king badly.
Elizabeth. This was not easy for him to do but it was necessary. His snobbery
Legend has it that his coronation had been delayed to let Bishop Dunstan (909-988) to get Eadwig out of bed, and more importantly out of the arms of his ‘strumpet’ and the strumpet’s mother. Dunstan was much more strict with the coronation of Eadwig’s brother, Edgar. Edward was the eldest son of Edgar. He was crowned at the age of 12, and although he was supported by Dunstan, his claim to the throne was opposed by the supporters of Aethelred, his younger half-brother. A civil war almost broke out in England between the supporters of the two sides. Edward’s reign only lasted two and a half years, and it ended when he was murdered at Corfe Castle by the supporters of Aethelred. The title ‘martyr’ was a consequence of hi being seen as a victim of his stepmother’s ambitions for her own son Aethelred. Aethelred earned the nickname, ‘unready’ or ‘badly advised’, as he was unable to keep organise resistance against the Danes. He became king at only 10. He fled to Normandy in 1013, when Sweyn Forkbeard (960-1014), King of the Danes invaded England. Sweyn was pronounced king on Christmas Day 1013, he died 5 weeks later. Aethelred returned a year after Sweyn’s death, the rest of his reign was a state of constant war with Sweyn’s son,
Two years after Elizabeth’s birth her mother was executed by her father accused of being unfaithful, she was then declared illegitimate (Hilliam 10). Although Elizabeth was declared illegitimate by Parliament she was still raised in the royal household (Gale 1). Elizabeth spoke five languages fluently, including Italian, French German, Latin, Greek, and of course English; she was very sharp (Hilliam 10). Elizabeth developed a great relationship with her half brother Edward VI; they became even closer when he became king. Their strong relationship came to an end when Edward died at age fifteen due to a fatal lung disease, and tuberculosis (Hilliam 15). Her half sister Mary I, the daughter of Henry’s first wife Catherine of Aragon then took the throne (Bush 28). Mary I was often called “Bloody Mary” because of the number of people she had killed while trying to reconvert England to Catholicism. Mary felt threatened by the fact that Elizabeth was Protestant, and supported by the people of England (Gale 1). Mary thought Elizabeth was plotting to overthrow her, although Elizabeth was innocent and ill she was still sent to the Tower of London. Although Mary still was n...