Through the utilization of the multiple Fallacies of Reasoning, one can determine that the unpasteurized milk - of which came from Diana Reed’s farm - ultimately caused the outbreak of Campylobacter amongst the 40 Durand High School football players. This conclusion can be determined through the specific application of the Fallacy of False Cause. The Fallacy of False Cause describes a situation in which the speaker relies on insufficient evidence to identify the causes and effects within a certain situation. Although commonly associated with superstitions, or the idea of “bad luck,” this fallacy can also be used in situations where the speaker lacks knowledge on the direct cause-and-effect relationship between two events. Specifically within …show more content…
This statement could initially be considered logical, as it was reported within the article that undercooked chicken could possibly carry pathogens, of which have the capability to result in Campylobacter outbreaks. However, it could also be argued that Diana Reed is simply using this claim to defend herself, of which showcases a possible bias amongst the farmer. Furthermore, the idea that Diana’s conclusion isn’t factual comes from the idea that her argument was heavily based upon inductive reasoning, of which identifies specific claims - otherwise known as premises - to provide evidence for a considerably general conclusion. Inductive reasoning is often times considered to be flawed, as it commonly reaches general conclusions that are not always based on entirely factual premises. However, in addition to Diana’s claims losing credibility, my argument also loses some credibility, as I too have to base my conclusions on inductive …show more content…
These statements lead to the conclusion that the chicken ultimately caused the outbreak of disease, yet I personally still don’t believe this claim is entirely true. The majority of evidence I rely on to negate Diana’s claims comes from the testing of manure at the Reed farm for pathogens relating to the Campylobacter disease. Ultimately, these tests came back positive, of which means that there was a distinct set of pathogens found in the manure that have genetic links to the Campylobacter disease. Since this test - and furthermore the results - come from the Wisconsin Department of Health Services’ Laboratory, I feel that Diana’s conclusion isn’t as truthful as she claims. This is because I feel that the Wisconsin Department of Health Services is a more valid and reliable source, as they most likely do not have a bias in the situation, and furthermore would not tamper with any evidence. This contrasts from the claims that come from Diana, as she uses personal experiences to emphasize the safety of her unpasteurized milk. Although neither my statement nor hers can be entirely considered truthful, I
Faulty cause and effect is a propaganda technique where one thing is presented, without proof, as if it caused another. Hill uses a pool table that was just put into one of the shops as the cause of a fall in morality among the youth of River City. He says to the townsfolk that gather around him, “Youth’ll be frittering away. I say your young men’ll be frittering! Frittering away their noontime, suppertime, chore time to! Get the ball in the pocket, never mind getting dandelions pulled, or the screen door patched, or the beefsteak pounded.” He shows the parents of River City the possible outcome of the pool table’s influence on their children, and consequently instils in them a scepticism of the pool table’s security and merit. Later on he asks the parents of River City, “Would yo...
On April 4th, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee, an event that would change history forever occurred. That was the day James Earl Ray assassinated the driving force of the Civil Rights movement, Martin Luther King Jr. It shook the nation, as the man who was planning on bringing peace and racial harmony in the United States was killed in an instant. He was probably the most influential scapegoat in American history, setting out to create equality for all races in America. There were many extremist white-based groups which detested the idea of equality, believing that whites were superior over all, groups like the Ku Klux Klan. Martin Luther King did not back down when groups like the KKK harassed him; he used their hate against them and allowed it to thrust him forward for the sake of bettering his cause and pushing towards racial equality. In the end, Martin Luther King was assassinated for his passion and beliefs; his hard work paid off because after his death, there was at least legal racial equality in the U.S. His bravery and strength
The false cause logic exists when individuals mistakenly confuses the relationship between two or more elements with causation (Woodard et al., 2014, p. 94). This logic takes for granted a relationship between cause and effect exists without any solid proof or evidence to support the reasoning (Woodard et al., 2014, p. 95). Forbes published an article estimated that...
...s that women face if they choose replacement feeding and had an overall depth to their research that Papathakis & Rollins lacked. Papathakis & Rollins glossed over the fact that commercial formula is simply not feasible for the majority of women, and looked at the situation quite clinically and impersonally as they advocated the use of commercial formula over replacement milks.
Meatpacking has become the most dangerous job in America. Unlike poultry plants, in which almost all tasks are performed by machines, most of the work in a slaughterhouse is done by hand. Hazards of the job include injuries from the various machines and knives, strain to the body from poor working conditions, and even methamphetamine use in order to keep up with the production line. Women face the added threat of sexual harassment. This chapter opens with an anecdote about the largest recall of food in the nation’s history. In 1997 approximately 35 million pounds of ground beef was recalled by Hudson Foods because a strain of E Coli was found in the food. However, by the time the beef was recalled, 25 million pounds had already been eaten. Schlosser notes that the nature of food poisoning is changing. Prior to the rise of large meatpacking plants, people would become ill from bad food in small, localized arenas. Now, because meat is distributed all over the nation, an outbreak of food poisoning in one town may indicate nation-wide epidemic. Every day in the United States, 200, 000 people are sickened by a food borne
“Commercially prepared infant formulas are a nourishing alternative to breast milk, and even contains vitamins and nutrients that breastfed infants need to get from supplements (Pearl, E., 2015). Breastfeeding is proven to strengthen the immune system for children of all ages. While a mother nurses the infant, the mother passes down nutrients and antibodies from the milk the babies drink while nursing. Like immunizations building invulnerabilities for people destructive illnesses, breast milk gives additional antibodies to infants to help them. Nursing sessions are less demanding to retain and process the formula since it contains living development elements, hormones, and chemicals which help an infant to effectively process all healthy intake from each feeding (The Office on Women’s Health, 2012). Further, in creating nations, scientists found that for newborn children who were not breastfed have danger of dying from irresistible infections, in the primary month is six times more prominent than babies who were breastfed (Chen and Rogan, 2004). Children that are breastfed have less problems with digestive systems due to the breast milk, a standout amongst the most essential advantages of breast milk is the containing living parts, for example, contamination battling antibodies, white platelets, red platelets, and hostile to viral components (Taylor, 2013). All which are essential to the growth of a newborn's digestive system that formula does not
Lactation consultants are a vital part of the healthcare system. Together with the rest of the healthcare team they make sure that mother and baby's care as a breastfeeding pair is complete. The International Board Certified Lactation Consultant represents the "gold standard" in lactation consultant credentialing. Lactation consultants who carry the credentials IBCLC behind their names are specially trained and qualified to assist with every aspect of breastfeeding. I chose the topic of lactation consulting because I feel strongly about being a breastfeeding advocate. I believe that those in the healthcare field, especially the people involved in woman’s health and pediatrics should be knowledgeable in this area. After all it has been found that breastmilk is the best source of nutrition for infants.
The idea of pasteurizing milk bagan in the 1920s, and later became an aspect of everyday life in the 1950s. Milk that has undergone this process is normally prefered since it is sterilized, therefore lowering the chance of human illness. However, it’s not the 1950s anymore, and the idea of pasteurizing milk has lost its luster for the people that now prefer raw milk. Unlike the milk that most Americans consume, raw milk has not been pasteurized, or quickly heated to a high temperature to kill harmful bacteria. In raw milk, these bacterias haven’t been removed, leaving people at risk. E. Coli, salmonella, and listeria are only some of the bacteria that raw milk carries, all of which can cause sickness, or even death. Common affects of consuming raw milk are diarrhea, stomach cramping, and vomiting, but it's the rare ones: kidney failure,paralysis, and death that causes raw milk to be illegal in half of the states and illegal to carry over state lines in its final form. Nevertheless, people still actively seek out and consume raw milk because they believe its nutritional values to be greater. Controversies surround this topic on whether organic food
Salmonella is one danger that has caused many effects to consumers. Walsh writes about one incident when an outbreak “from tainted peanuts that killed at least eight people and sickened 600,” (Walsh 167). This incident left many people asking the same question, how can we trust the food that we put into our bodies? Salmonella, a type of food poisoning caused by bacteria found on different food types has caused an epidemic because of its domino effect on food and our health. Once one factory is contaminated, that factory could be housing both crops and meat, which is then transferred to our supermarkets and on our dinner tables. ...
Scapegoating is a better way to experience success. Margaret Atwood speaks the truth when she states “When societies come under stress these kinds of things happen. People start looking around for essentially human sacrifices. They start looking around for somebody to blame.” In “Half- Hanged Mary” by ……. they used Mary as a scapegoat by blaming everything on her which lead to her hanging. Therefore I defend Margaret Atwood that a world under stress will eventually lead to people being demolished so they can feel better about themselves.
For example, in Argument Analysis, we learned about the fallacies of relevance and irrelevant premises. Drawing causal connections are a form of seeking patterns. So the module that the fallacies of false cause should supplement is Investigations, where we touch upon pattern-seeking and solving mysteries. The current module only mentions the Base Rate fallacy, and does not discuss any other fallacies that could accompany it. This makes it one of the least substantial obstacles in the course. Furthermore, false cause is only briefly mentioned at the end of Patterns & Predictions. Adding the fallacies of false cause to this module would therefore greatly expand its fallacy section without becoming too overwhelming, as this would bring it up to the length of the other
Is there any food on earth that can provide the PERFECT nutrition to a human? Yes, and it is breast milk. Breast milk is the perfect nutrition. This superior food contains hormones, live antibacterial and antiviral cells and essential fatty acids (What Makes Human Milk Special?, Mar-Apr 2006). All of which are helpful in protecting against any harm. Sicknesses in infants are lowered by the help that breast milk gives. Breastfed children are sick less often than children who aren’t breastfed (What Makes Human Milk Special?, Mar-Apr 2006). Breast milk contains all the nutrients that an infant needs as it continues to grow. When the child is brought into the world it has no way to fight off any d...
Those who are able to do so are proud to tell you how they are glad to not have to use formula. Yet, if you asked her if she would drink it herself, she would probably “no way!” Yet, this article expresses a lesser known and curious prospective.; it opens the door for the question, of: “Is human breast milk as an acceptable food for adults?” It (what?) features a well known New York ...
In their essay, ‘The Intentional Fallacy’ (1946), William K. Wimsatt Jr. and Monroe C. Beardsley, two of the most eminent figures of the New Criticism school of thought of Literary Criticism, argue that the ‘intention’ of the author is not a necessary factor in the reading of a text.
1. Being too traditional or simply just following traditions in writing is looked down upon