The Evolution Of Cognitive Psychology And The Subfield Of Cognitive Psychology
explanatory Essay
1130 words
Furthermore, the subfield of cognitive psychology relates to the subfield of forensic psychology; cognitive psychology is the study of the mind and mental function such as memory, attention, perception, reasoning, and decision-making (The Evolution of Psychology: History, Approaches, and Questions [APA], n.d.). They are similar because in the field of forensic psychology studies that were conducted by Cattell and Stern both have to do with memory. According to Yarmey (2001) Hugo Munsterberg argued that because experimental psychology concerns itself with the scientific study of human behavior and experience, the results of laboratory studies on human perception and memory should be especially relevant to American courts ' evaluations of witness …show more content…
These articles have an introduction to introduce the information and outline the hypotheses. Followed by the methods section that explains how the experiment was conducted; then the results that will provide you with statistics that test the hypothesis. Lastly, you have the discussion and conclusion section that states the findings in support/no support for the hypothesis. The uses of the scientific method in scientific articles it makes future research easy to reproduce the study and the results (Psychology and the Scientific Method: From Theory to Conclusion [APA], …show more content…
Next the psychologist will form a hypothesis after they will then make a prediction on the hypothesis. Then the psychologist will test your prediction by doing and experiment such as a survey. The population for this survey will be inmates at a number of jails in the state of New Jersey. A survey is chosen because it is the most convenient way to sample dispersed subjects.
The independent variable survey questions will include the following; what is your age? What is your gender? What is your race/ethnicity? What type of crime have you committed? Were you on drugs/alcohol when the crime was committed? Age will be an open-ended question since inmate’s ages vary. Gender will be either male of female. The race will be split into Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, Asian, and other. Finally, the question about what types of crimes have you committed and were you on drugs/alcohol when you committed the crime will be open-ended because there are many types of
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the psychologist will analyze the results using spss to see whether the hypothesis is correct or incorrect.
- Explains that cognitive psychology is the study of the mind and mental function such as memory, attention, perception, reasoning, and decision-making.
- Explains that forensic psychology is becoming more popular and we are learning more about the field. loftus and palmer studied how language in eyewitness testimony can change someone’s memory.
- Explains that the psychologist will analyze the results using spss to see whether the hypothesis is correct or incorrect.
- Explains that cognitive psychology is the study of the mind and mental function such as memory, attention, perception, reasoning, and decision-making.
- Explains that forensic psychology is becoming more popular and we are learning more about the field. loftus and palmer studied how language in eyewitness testimony can change someone’s memory.
- Explains the impact of mental illness/health on violent crimes, and argues that people with schizophrenia are four to six times more likely to commit violent crime than that of the general population.
- Explains that the scientific method is the set of assumptions, rules, and procedures scientists use to conduct research.
- Explains that the psychologist will form a hypothesis that answers the question whether people suffering from schizophrenia have an increased chance of committing more violent crimes.
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- The Behaviorist and Cognitive Approaches to Psychologyanalytical essayThe Behaviorist and Cognitive Approaches to Psychology In this essay I am going to explore two of the major approaches to Psychology, Cognitive theories and Behaviorist theories. I will discuss in some detail the two approaches, state how they compare and illustrate
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes the two major approaches to psychology, cognitive theories and behaviorist theories, and explains how they compare and illustrate similarities and differences between them.
- Explains how pavlov trained dogs to salivate whenever he rang a bell. dogs have natural reflex responses when they see food, and this approach rejected the idea of the conscious.
- Explains that albert ellis & aaron t beck developed the cognitive approach to psychology in the 1950s. they emphasize the relationship between the environment and how it affects a person's behavior.
- Analyzes the two major approaches to psychology, cognitive theories and behaviorist theories, and explains how they compare and illustrate similarities and differences between them.
- Explains how pavlov trained dogs to salivate whenever he rang a bell. dogs have natural reflex responses when they see food, and this approach rejected the idea of the conscious.
- Explains that albert ellis & aaron t beck developed the cognitive approach to psychology in the 1950s. they emphasize the relationship between the environment and how it affects a person's behavior.
- Argues that behavioralists believe that studying the brain is not ultimately the best or most effective way to understand behavior. cognitive psychologists agree with the behaviorist theory that the environment surrounding a person does influence their behavior
- Explains that cognitive psychologists are more interested in the interaction between the environment and the memory, and how it prompts mental processes such as thought, perception and attention.
- Argues that behaviorists assume that nearly all behaviors are caused by learned relationships between a stimulus that excites the senses and 'response'
- Explains the cognitive approach to understanding the mental processes that occur between the stimulus and response, such as the child seeing a spider and being frightened, and the mediating cognition.
- Argues that behaviorists believe that since very little behavior in humans is inherited, the focus is on the role of experience, which is expressed through learning.
- Explains cognitive psychologists believe that the human brain is genetically able to process and organize information in certain ways. behaviourists saw learning as a case of trial.
- Explains that cognitive psychologists believe that mediating processes operate in an organised way, not by trial and error.
- Explains that both behaviourists and cognitive psychologists have carried out a lot of research using animals.
- Explains how research has shown important connections between stress and disease and suggested psychological interventions for coping with stress more effectively.
- Argues that cognitive psychologists are unscientific in their approach because they focus on ideas that cannot be observed and measured. behaviourists believe science must be based on observation and recording.
- Criticizes the behaviorist theory, saying that by treating the mind as empty, behaviourists are ignoring the mental processes that are central to human behaviour such as perceiving, remembering, reasoning, deciding and problem solving
- Explains that information can be any meaningful data that humans gather and store in the memory for later use, such as the names of clients in a business or remembering where you parked your car.
- Concludes that the cognitive approach to psychology deals with the mental processes such as memory and problem solving.
- Explains that behavior is focused on what individuals choose to do rather than what they may be thinking or feeling. it is difficult to measure the thinking of independence and the behaviour of others.
- Describes the sources of information for psychology – a new introduction by richard gross, rob mcilveen, hugh coolicun, alan clamp, and julia russell.
1176 wordsRead More - The scientific method is how psychologists gain knowledge about the mind and behavior. It is used by all scientists. The experimental method is the one way to engage the scientific method, and the only way to find a cause and effect in relationships. It is summarized in five steps, observing some phenomenon in the world, forming a hypothesis which is an educated prediction about relationships between two or more variables, examining the gathered information by using empirical research, determining what the results are and drawing them, and evaluating the results whether it will support the hypothesis or not. Researchers, at the end, submit their work for publication for all to see and read (King, 2016). There are three types of psychological research in the scientific method, descriptive research, correlation, and experimental research (King, 2016). The article The Effects of Negative Body Talk in an Ethnically Diverse Sample of College Students (Katrevich, Register, & Aruguete, 2014) is an example of the experimental method.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the scientific method, which is used by psychologists to gain knowledge about the mind and behavior. the experimental method is the only way to find a cause and effect in relationships.
- Explains that experimental research allows psychologists to make causal statements. the hypothesis is a specific expectation about what is going to happen in the experiment.
- Explains that an operational definition provides a clear and specific interpretation and description of the variables, and describes how they are being measured through the study.
- Explains the scientific method, which is used by psychologists to gain knowledge about the mind and behavior. the experimental method is the only way to find a cause and effect in relationships.
- Explains that experimental research allows psychologists to make causal statements. the hypothesis is a specific expectation about what is going to happen in the experiment.
- Explains that an operational definition provides a clear and specific interpretation and description of the variables, and describes how they are being measured through the study.
- Explains that random assignment refers to the use of the opportunity actions in experiments to make sure that each participant has the equal chance to be placed in any given group.
- Opines that if the results of the study support expectations, then the theory may gain credibility and the scientists will repeat by using other methods and work with different researchers to make another experiment.
- Explains that the research community makes an active conversation about what they have discovered, and they publish their work in various journals to let others read and learn from them.
739 wordsRead More - cognitive psychologyexplanatory essayCognitive psychology is the study of mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, memory, decision-making, intelligence and thinking. Perception is concerned with the way we acquire knowledge. Attention is concerned with the acquisition and Memory is concerned with organizing and recalling knowledge that further helps us in learning, speaking and interaction, and the important aspect is as how we use the knowledge.
In this essay, the author
- Explains cognitive psychology as the study of mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, memories, decision-making, intelligence and thinking. perception is concerned with the way we acquire knowledge.
- Explains that cbt is effective for the following disorders and problems in children and adolescents.
- Explains that cognitive psychology is closely related to the highly interdisciplinary cognitive science and influenced by artificial intelligence, computer science, philosophy, anthropology and neuroscience.
- Explains cognitive psychology as the study of mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, memories, decision-making, intelligence and thinking. perception is concerned with the way we acquire knowledge.
- Explains that cbt is effective for the following disorders and problems in children and adolescents.
- Explains that cognitive psychology is closely related to the highly interdisciplinary cognitive science and influenced by artificial intelligence, computer science, philosophy, anthropology and neuroscience.
- Explains that cognitive psychology helps us understand other people and their thought processes so they can make positive behavioural changes. cognitive behavior therapy incorporates theory and research on cognitive processes.
- Explains that cognitive psychologists can work as a technical writer, consultant, and marketing representative. research is important and crucial in the field of cognitive psychology.
843 wordsRead More - The Philosophy of Cognitive Scienceanalytical essayPsychophysical dualism — the distinction between mind and body — is the counterposition between essentially irreducible elements: the mind and body. Such a dualism implies the main ontological problem of the philosophy of cognitive science and philosophy of mind: the mind-body problem (MBP). The dualism and the referred-to problem has been insistently discussed in the philosophical tradition and several solutions have been proposed. Such solutions are properly philosophical or require a scientific approach. First, I will expound the philosophical solution to the MBP proposed by Descartes, to be followed by an exposition of Ryle's criticisms to the solution. Second, from Ryle's criticism, I will deduce a scientific solution to the MBP related to the neural framework model of mind in cognitive science by means of what I call 'the principle of the embodiment of the mind.' Finally, I shall point out the philosophical difficulties that are to be found in using such a principle.
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- Explains that the middle-way between the materialist reducionist and dualist views of mind is emergentism.
- Explains that the pem has three basic components: organization, self-organization, and emergent properties. the components are underlaid by philosophical concepts that have to be discussed in cognitivist studies.
- Explains that psychophysical dualism is the counterposition between essentially irreducible elements: the mind and body problem.
- Explains that the middle-way between the materialist reducionist and dualist views of mind is emergentism.
- Explains that the pem has three basic components: organization, self-organization, and emergent properties. the components are underlaid by philosophical concepts that have to be discussed in cognitivist studies.
- Explains that psychophysical dualism is the counterposition between essentially irreducible elements: the mind and body problem.
- Explains that the psychophysical dualism or mind-body distinction is the counterposition between two essentially irreducible elements: soul and body.
- Analyzes how rené descartes formulated the mbp in meditationes de prima philosophia. the dualist theories of mind are based on the cartesian dualism.
- Analyzes how ryle's dualist doctrine establishes a polar opposition between mind and body.
- Argues that the cognitive science approach to the mbp requires a monistic approach, based on the functionalist-materialist theory of mind.
- Explains the concept of connectionist functional organization, self-organization, and emergent properties of a neural network.
- Argues that the limits of the methodological reductionism are brought into consideration naturally, by means of interdisciplinary methodsological hypothesis in cognitive sciences.
- Introduces ashby, r. w., and churchland, d. p. theories of brain function.
- Explains gonzales, m. e. q. neural networks and mental representation: an essay on harmony and rationality.
2160 wordsRead More - Forensic Psychology Essayanalytical essayBeginning in the late 1800’s and the early 1900’s forensic psychology originated when a man named James McKeen Cattell conducted a study at Columbia University. During his time learning and coming up with the idea that psychology could be used as a way to solve court cases he did many experiments with his students. In one study he allowed 56 of his students practice eye witness testimonies with a series of questions. He conducted the experiment by asking the students about trees and asked the students to rate their confidence in what they saw and recall what they saw hours later. During this experiment Cattell...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that forensic psychology is the study or practice of the law and expands to all aspects of law enforcement.
- Describes the two views of forensic psychology beyond the scope of the initial definition.
- Explains how james mckeen cattell's forensic psychology originated in the late 1800s and early 1900s when he conducted a study at columbia university.
- Explains that forensic psychology is the study or practice of the law and expands to all aspects of law enforcement.
- Describes the two views of forensic psychology beyond the scope of the initial definition.
- Explains how james mckeen cattell's forensic psychology originated in the late 1800s and early 1900s when he conducted a study at columbia university.
- Explains that after cattell conducted his experiment at columbia, the idea of psychology in a legal setting traveled to europe. william stern and franz von liszt became the first active in court related testimony.
- Describes how hugo munsterberg, a harvard professor, came up with the idea that psychology could be used in court hearings.
- Explains that forensic psychology began to develop in the 1970s, when writings from past psychologists emerged and training facilities developed in united states, united kingdom, europe, australia, and canada.
- Explains that forensic psychology covers a wide range of criminal and law enforcement, including police psychology, expert eyewitness and testimony, assessment and treatment of offenders, child custody evaluations, research and theory building, and development of interventions and prevention programs.
- Explains that forensic psychology is a clinical aspect of psychology and has many different guidelines that need to be followed.
- Explains that clinical and forensic psychology are similar in many ways. both ask questions to assess the patient or the client, and use validity and reliability to evaluate patient consistencies.
- Explains that treating re-offenders is difficult, since they lack emotions, empathy, and guilt. psychotherapy enhances appropriate attitudes and coping skills when living in the real world.
- Explains that working as a forensic psychologist is an up and coming field, although clinical psychology education requirements vary.
- Explains that the controversies that have aroused come from ethical issues, technical issues and devices that are unreliable. a forensic psychologist does not follow the rules.
- Opines that the insanity plea is extremely hard to be convicted of, and many states do not allow it.
- Explains that psychology is a huge part of everyday life. many judicial systems rely on psychologists to evaluate the criminal and determine if he or she is stable enough to stand trial.
- Analyzes how beasley's article evaluates seven serial killers, evaluating their backgrounds and perceptions in a public light. the researchers interview the criminals and ask questions about their motives for the crimes they have committed.
- Explains that the researchers interviewed and met with many criminals choosing seven individuals based on certain criteria. they looked for individuals who had similar traits in their crimes including sexual drives and many details pertaining to their case.
- Analyzes how the case study broke down each defendant and evaluated each person as an individual. the first defendant was a thirty-year-old offender who began to kill female prostitutes.
- Analyzes how the criminal admitted to his crimes, followed by the devastation he felt when his father passed two years before his first murder (beasley).
- Analyzes how the researchers evaluated defendant number two, like defendant one, and found that he had psychopathic traits and was a pathological liar.
- Analyzes how the researchers discovered that all the defendants suffered from similar sexual encounters which ultimately ended in the killing of several innocent people.
- Explains that the researchers studied four more criminals with similar backgrounds, upbringings, and crimes that all consisted of sexual drives and the desire to control other individuals.
- Explains that although the cases were similar, they were also diverse. the murders varied over seven states, and defendants killed their victims in different ways.
- Explains that while most defendants enjoyed telling their story, the researchers couldn't pinpoint the reason behind the killings. the similarities of the cases allowed them to evaluate each case and determine what may be a common factor in serial killers mind.
1894 wordsRead More - Comparing Two Approaches to Cognitive Psychologycomparative essayCognitive psychology is concerned with the internal processes involved in making sense of the environment and deciding what action may be appropriate. These processes include attention, perception, learning and reasoning, (Eysenck and Keane, 2010).There are a number of approaches which can be used within this field, however for the purposes of the essay only two will be compared; cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology. The aims of cognitive neuroscientists are often similar to those of cognitive psychologists; they are both interested in the brain and cognition, (Medin and Ross, 1996). Nevertheless, it could be argued that there are also some fundamental differences between the two approaches, especially in the research methods employed. This assignment will explain and evaluate the models in comparison to one another.
In this essay, the author
- Explains mccarthy, r., warrington, e. (1997), cognitive neuropsychology: a clinical introduction.
- Describes ruff, r. (2003) a friendly critique of neuropsychology: facing the challenges of our future.
- Explains that wessinger, c.m., clapham, e. (2009), cognitive neuroscience: an overview.
- Explains mccarthy, r., warrington, e. (1997), cognitive neuropsychology: a clinical introduction.
- Describes ruff, r. (2003) a friendly critique of neuropsychology: facing the challenges of our future.
- Explains that wessinger, c.m., clapham, e. (2009), cognitive neuroscience: an overview.
- Compares cognitive psychology and neuropsychology, arguing that there are fundamental differences between the two approaches.
- Introduces becker, s., young, a. and ellis.
1413 wordsRead More - Brigham John C., What is Forensic Psychology Anyway? , Law & Human Behavior, Vol. 23, No.3, pg. 274-275, 1999.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the meaning of forensic neuropsychology, which involves the evaluation of subjects by application of clinical neuropsychological assessment methods.
- Explains the differences between neuropsychology practice in the general clinical setting and that of the forensic setting.
- Explains that forensic neuropsychology has started playing a key role when it comes to judicial decision making.
- Explains the meaning of forensic neuropsychology, which involves the evaluation of subjects by application of clinical neuropsychological assessment methods.
- Explains the differences between neuropsychology practice in the general clinical setting and that of the forensic setting.
- Explains that forensic neuropsychology has started playing a key role when it comes to judicial decision making.
- Explains how a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment is undertaken. the results from these tests are then integrated & studied by the scientific experts.
- Explains the application of neuropsychological evidences to determine the competence of a particular person to undergo legal trial.
- Explains that the standards set out in dusky were further explained in the weiter's case. in order to label a defendant as competent to stand trial, it should be established that he is well aware of the legal proceedings that
- Explains that the judgment delivered in jackson v. indiana laid a lot of responsibility and burden upon neuropsychologists to properly evaluate an individual’s mental condition and his potential for restoration in case he is found incompetent to stand trial.
- Argues that involuntary commitments and the treatment meted out to those who are committed to psychiatric hospitals have traditionally been considered humane in nature. however, the quality of treatment in these institutions has demanded that this particular practice should be properly revaluated.
- Explains the application of neuropsychological evaluation & evidences in ascertaining the criminal responsibility of an individual.
- Compares the american law institute standard and the mcnaughten standard. both standards are controversial in nature.
- Explains that neuropsychological evidence plays a crucial role when it comes to determining certain other competencies, such as competency to make plea and confess. the us sc ruled that awarding death penalty to mentally retarded individuals would be against the mandate of the 8th amendment
- Cites schopp robert, weiner richard l., bornstein brian h, willborn steve l, mental disorder and criminal law: responsibility, punishment and competence, springer, 2008.
- Opines that faust david, coping with psychiatric and psychological testimony, oxford university press, sixth edn., pg.
- Opines that forensic science: grand goals, tragic flaws and judicial gatekeeping, american bar association judges’ journal, vol. 44, no.
- Explains brigham john c., what is forensic psychology anyway?, law & human behavior, vol. 23, no.3, pg. 274-275.
- Describes the aapl practice guideline for the forensic psychiatric evaluation of competence to stand trial.
- Analyzes weissbourd robert's involuntary commitment: the move toward dangerousness.
- Explains that neuropsychological evaluation can help determine whether a defendant is competent enough to stand the trial.
- Explains the importance of neuropsychological evidence in determining the diminished capacity or responsibility of an individual, in the context of a criminal trial.
- Explains that forensic neuropsychological evidences can be used in determining the issues of malingering.
- Opines that the courts should impose a duty upon the expert witnesses to disclose the limitations of the theory when applied on the given case.
3300 wordsRead More - Forensic Psychology Essayexplanatory essayThe 20th century was a pivotal time period for psychology. During this time period many sub-disciplines of psychology were created which in essence contributed to the growth and further development of psychology. One of those sub-disciplines of psychology that seems to constantly grow and has gained momentum over the years has been forensic psychology. Although Munsterberg was not the first to suggest that psychology should be applied to the law, instead it was Freud in 1906 during a speech to an Australian judge that there are factors within psychology that should be applied to the law. Although he was the man behind the discovery of forensic psychology and several other sub-disciplines of psychology.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the 20th century was a pivotal time period for psychology. freud suggested that psychology should be applied to the law.
- Explains that munsterberg developed a psychology lab in harvard in 1892 and committed to the development of psychology and not only its sub-disciplines.
- Explains that munsterberg published "on the witness stand: essays on psychology and crime" in 1908 and republished it in 1925.
- Explains that the 20th century was a pivotal time period for psychology. freud suggested that psychology should be applied to the law.
- Explains that munsterberg developed a psychology lab in harvard in 1892 and committed to the development of psychology and not only its sub-disciplines.
- Explains that munsterberg published "on the witness stand: essays on psychology and crime" in 1908 and republished it in 1925.
- Explains that forensic psychology was slowly growing in north america, and psychologists' data was allowed to be presented in a belgian courtroom, based on child testimonies.
- Explains that belgium was the first to allow data from psychologists in a courtroom, while the united states caught up with the times. the supreme court ruled that eugenic sterilization was not unconstitutional.
569 wordsRead More - Essay On Eyewitnessexplanatory essayPsychological research shows, a witness's memory of details during the commission of a crime, has a high probability of containing significant errors. In response to these findings, the question is should witness testimony still be permissible in a court of law? Obviously, the answer to this question is an important one and is debatable. Consequently, what we know is many innocent people go to jail due to eyewitness misidentification. Therefore, it is imperative that all defense attorneys thoroughly evaluate the validity of eyewitness recollection events. Any defense attorney who does anything less is ignoring the findings of the psychological community and its’ study of how the brain functions. As a result, an intense analysis of an
In this essay, the author
- Opines that an intense analysis of an eyewitness's memory during testimony is necessary to protect the lives and rights of innocent people.
- Explains that the average person's memory is far from perfect, and that attorneys for the defense must consider how the brain works and the problems with human memory.
- Explains that eyewitness memory and recall of a crime is easily influenced by retroactive interference. the distraction of weapons can also affect recall.
- Opines that an intense analysis of an eyewitness's memory during testimony is necessary to protect the lives and rights of innocent people.
- Explains that the average person's memory is far from perfect, and that attorneys for the defense must consider how the brain works and the problems with human memory.
- Explains that eyewitness memory and recall of a crime is easily influenced by retroactive interference. the distraction of weapons can also affect recall.
- Explains that faulty witness testimony is a matter of freedom or imprisonment for defendants. lawyers will analyze if suggestive wording was used by police officers and other officials.
- Explains that eyewitness testimony is an invaluable tool in assisting judges and juries’ efforts to convict violent criminals, but there are major issues with witness memory and recall of events.
- Opines that eyewitness testimony is a useful tool in court proceedings and will likely continue to be admissible evidence. the credibility and memory of every trial witness must be challenged to evaluate significant errors in memory.
700 wordsRead More - The History Of Forensic Psychologyexplanatory essayForensic psychology is an area of psychology that has been rapidly gaining popularity in recent years. Entertainment media’s fascination with the intersection of crime and psychology has fueled the growing interest in the field. According to Jane Tyler Ward, PhD, forensic psychology can be defined as psychology that “emphasizes the application of research and experimentation in other areas of psychology to the legal arena.” Although forensic psychology is popular right now, it was not until 1962 that a court case set the precedent that properly trained psychologists could provide expert testimony (Page 20). Additionally, forensic psychology was not APA (American Psychological Association) certified until 2001 (Page 16). The field of forensic
In this essay, the author
- Explains that forensic psychology is an area of psychology that has been rapidly gaining popularity in recent years.
- Explains that forensic psychologists provide psychological evaluations for people who come in contact with the law. they also provide testimony in civil and criminal cases.
- Explains that the work of forensic psychologists can be burdensome and depressing. employers look for applicants who possess a strong work ethic, excellent written and oral communication skills, and the ability to effectively explain and defend positions.
- Explains that forensic psychology is an area of psychology that has been rapidly gaining popularity in recent years.
- Explains that forensic psychologists provide psychological evaluations for people who come in contact with the law. they also provide testimony in civil and criminal cases.
- Explains that the work of forensic psychologists can be burdensome and depressing. employers look for applicants who possess a strong work ethic, excellent written and oral communication skills, and the ability to effectively explain and defend positions.
- Explains that forensic psychologists' conclusions/observations have such a strong impact that they must be highly qualified. there are over 50 doctoral and master's programs that teach psychology and the law.
- Explains that forensic psychologists can work in a courtroom, jail, government agency, mental health facility, or private practice.
- Explains that forensic psychologists often participate in research at institutions or universities. research provides information for experts to reference when working with criminals in various settings.
- Explains that although there are many opportunities to work specifically in the field of forensic psychology, an individual also has the option to branch out into other career fields.
- Describes the opportunities for advancement in the field of forensic psychology, such as obtaining a higher salary from experience or performance and/or receiving promotions to positions with more power.
- Explains that earnings for forensic psychologists vary depending on who an individual is employed by. experts working at universities, doing research, are often paid similarly to those in other areas of psychology.
- Reports that the job outlook for general psychology is growing at 12% through 2022, which is faster than average for related occupations. ira k packer, phd, states that psychologists provide mental health expertise to the legal system.
- Explains that forensic psychologists study cognitive, emotional, and social processes and human behavior by observing, interpreting and recording how people relate to one another and their environments.
1508 wordsRead More - Donders And Ebbinghaus's Memory Experiments: Cognitive Psychologyexplanatory essayWhy could we say that Donders and Ebbinghaus were cognitive psychologists, even though in the 19th century there was no field called cognitive psychology? Describe Donder’s experiment and rationale behind it, and Ebbinghaus’s memory experiments. What do Donders’s and Ebbinghaus’s experiments have in common?(2)
In this essay, the author
- Explains that donders and ebbinghaus were cognitive psychologists, even though in the 19th century there was no field called cognitive psychology.
- Explains that donders and ebbinghaus were referred to as cognitive psychologists because both of their experiments dealt with the studying of the mind.
- Explains that donders and ebbinghaus were cognitive psychologists, even though in the 19th century there was no field called cognitive psychology.
- Explains that donders and ebbinghaus were referred to as cognitive psychologists because both of their experiments dealt with the studying of the mind.
208 wordsRead More - Essay On Child Interviewinganalytical essayThe criminal justice system, in the United States, has been very slow in recognizing and competently employing the substantial volume of relevant research data that has been available, for the past century, on the subject of the significant differences in the psychological and neurological differences between children and adults. In Europe, there was substantial and illuminating research being carried out, at the turn of the 20th century. In the work of Alfred Binet (1900), on external forces of suggestibility, free recall, and the inherent pressures resulting from a child’s eagerness to please adults, and William Stern’s (1910) research, on the detrimental effects of repeated questioning and leading questions, which were found to literally alter future recall of the same event, there was an emergence of much valuable insight into the subject of child witness testimony (Bruck, 1993, p. 406). An explanation of why the U.S. was so slow to embrace these valuable findings lies in the differences in the judicial systems, of these countries.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that they are appalled at the gross negligence of our justice system, in their failure to protect children from the brutal onslaught of such damaging interrogations.
- Explains that the criminal justice system in the united states has been slow in recognizing and competently employing the substantial volume of relevant research data on the subject of significant differences in psychological and neurological differences between children and adults.
- Explains the inquisitorial form of trail, whereby a judge interviews witnesses, fueled the desire for research in memory recall and the reliability of child testimony.
- Opines that they are appalled at the gross negligence of our justice system, in their failure to protect children from the brutal onslaught of such damaging interrogations.
- Explains that the criminal justice system in the united states has been slow in recognizing and competently employing the substantial volume of relevant research data on the subject of significant differences in psychological and neurological differences between children and adults.
- Explains the inquisitorial form of trail, whereby a judge interviews witnesses, fueled the desire for research in memory recall and the reliability of child testimony.
- Explains that reasoning is based on the level of brain development and growth, and special considerations have to be taken into account, in the matter of interrogation practices and child witness testimony.
- Analyzes how 's letter, in response to her alleged abusers golden globe lifetime achievement award, recounts a lifetime of dealing with the effects of her childhood trauma, which are now understood as common ramifications, due to post traumatic stress syndrome.
- Analyzes the damaging effects of improperly executed child witness interrogation practices, and the enormous value of the immense body of research.
652 wordsRead More - Analysis Of Molly Treadway Johnson's Memory Phenomena In The Lawanalytical essayCognitive psychology is deeply rooted in our legal system and forms the element or standard of almost all crimes and civil misconduct. An understanding of psychology, in particular cognitive psychology, aids jurors, attorneys, defendants, prosecutors, and judges in the process of the legal system specially where adjudicating guilt or liability. In addition, cognitive psychology comes into play where the legal system relies on witness testimony when adjudicating a case.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cognitive psychology is deeply rooted in our legal system and forms the element or standard of almost all crimes and civil misconduct.
- Explains how long-term memory is crucial to structuring the process of a trial. cognitive psychology plays an important role in the legal system in different articles written by psychologists, legal officials, and attorneys.
- Analyzes how molly treadway johnson's article memory phenomena in the law discusses the way the legal system handles the complexity of memory in regards to a fair trial.
- Explains that cognitive psychology is deeply rooted in our legal system and forms the element or standard of almost all crimes and civil misconduct.
- Explains how long-term memory is crucial to structuring the process of a trial. cognitive psychology plays an important role in the legal system in different articles written by psychologists, legal officials, and attorneys.
- Analyzes how molly treadway johnson's article memory phenomena in the law discusses the way the legal system handles the complexity of memory in regards to a fair trial.
- Explains that the statute of limitation ensures cases can't be tried after a certain period of time, which helps to overcome memories of the event to fade.
- Explains that eyewitness testimony is one of the main issues in our legal system in regards to memory discussed in johnson’s paper.
- Explains that although there are opportunities to research applied memory in the law, very little has been done and almost none of the research is published.
- Analyzes how laurence armand french and thomas j. young's article the false memory syndrome talks about memory recall being an unreliable form of evidence in the criminal justice system.
- Explains that the ohio state journal of criminal law published deborah w. denno's article neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and the criminal justice system. the panel examined the interrelationship between neuroscience and substantive criminal law.
- Explains denno's explanation for coining this term is done by defining both neuroscience and cognitive psychology and merging them together.
- Quotes kathryn foxhall's article bringing law and psychology together. stephen breyer asked psychologists to distinguish and identify what is a valid testimony that can be used in court.
- Explains that the conference with the american psychological association (apa0) and american bar association’s criminal justice section (aba) was held to bring an expert understanding of science, in particular psychology, to the legal system.
- Explains that neuroimaging would be groundbreaking for the legal system because it would eliminate false memories and wrong convictions. schacter and lotfus touch on the neural basis of memory.
1006 wordsRead More - The field of psychology is a discipline, originated from many branches of science. It has applications from within a complete scope of avenues, from psychotherapy to professional decision-making. The flexibility and versatility of this field reflects its importance and demands in-depth analysis. Psychology was a division of philosophy until it developed independent scientific disciplines. The history of psychology was a scholarly study of the mind and behavior that dates back to the beginning of civilization. There are important details from previous theory psychologist, research have contributed to behaviorism approaches and have contributed towards specific current behavioral practices. Contemporary behavior therapy began to emerge into distinct practical and core learning theories concerning the needs and knowledge engaging cultural and professional differences.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the three main epochs of psychology, pre-modern, modern, and postmodern.
- Explains that the church was no longer its central authority in imparting knowledge, and the ruling class and educational system took over the field of philosophy. wundt founded structuralism as the first school of thought.
- Explains that wundt and titchener's first thought concept, based on the conscious, working of the human mind, perished with the death of their father. structuralism was the basis of experimental psychology.
- Explains the three main epochs of psychology, pre-modern, modern, and postmodern.
- Explains that the church was no longer its central authority in imparting knowledge, and the ruling class and educational system took over the field of philosophy. wundt founded structuralism as the first school of thought.
- Explains that wundt and titchener's first thought concept, based on the conscious, working of the human mind, perished with the death of their father. structuralism was the basis of experimental psychology.
- Explains that functionalism was developed by william james in the late 1800s in america. it sought to investigate the relation of human behavior and the environment, and relied on observation than intuition.
- Explains that the idea of scientific investigations has changed from specialization to the interdisciplinary and eclectic period. they combine religious and cultural values with scientific data as a point of reference for postmodern psychology research.
- Explains the significance of gestalt theory, which provides enrichment to how objects were perceived and redefined through the approach of psychological research.
- Explains that humanistic psychology focuses on the person's potential to act as a whole person in the nurturing environment by choice while receiving positive influences.
- Argues that cognitive psychology generalizes science and explains the processes of perceiving, decoding and how people apply information is retained in the human memory.
- Describes burley, freier, and freeer's character structure: a gestalt-cognitive theory. psychotherapy: theory, research, practice, training.
- States goodwin, c. j. (2008), a history of modern psychology, hoboken, nj, wiley.
- Cites ibrahim, b.s., islamic medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times, journal of the islamic medical association, (2) pages 2-9.
- Explains that psychology originated from many branches of science and has applications from psychotherapy to professional decision-making. psychology was a division of philosophy until it developed independent scientific disciplines.
- Explains that the study of psychology began as a theoretical subject and later as part of biological sciences and physiology. the paper aims to study the various stages that psychology passed through to reach its contemporary status and their effects on its development.
- Explains the history of psychology, which dates back to the greeks. descartes, cabanis, wundt, ebbinghaus, pavlov, et al.
- Explains that the pre-modern era was heavily influenced by religious teachings uncontrolled across the world.
- Explains the concept of behaviorist thought, developed by scientists such as pavlov and skinner, which upheld the dominant effect of environment on the human psyche.
- Explains that freud revolutionized the field of psychology in the mid twentieth century. he proposed the role of the unconscious mind in establishing human behavior and personality.
- Explains the history of diversity in psychology during europe early schools was influenced by its cultural and religious backgrounds. the post-modern epoch saw a worldwide revolution of ideas.
- Opines that the post-modern concept incorporates elements of interdisciplinary studies, and is helpful in making informal personal and professional decisions. carl rogers provides a sound technique of carrying out effective conversations with the client.
- Explains kassin, s., danner, n, aveni, m. k, briggs, and a.
- Cites roth, fonagy, smith, m. k., and backe, a.
3643 wordsRead More - The Competency to Stand Trialanalytical essayCostanzo, M., & Krauss, D. (2012). Forensic and Legal Psychology: Psychological Science Applied to Law. New York: Worth Publishers.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the criminal justice system plays a pivotal role in pursuing and preventing crimes in society.
- Analyzes how dusky v. united states set the standard for determining one's competence level.
- Compares the indiana v. edwards case to milton dusky's, where the supreme court dealt with the matter of competency to waive an attorney and right to self-representation.
- Explains that the criminal justice system plays a pivotal role in pursuing and preventing crimes in society.
- Analyzes how dusky v. united states set the standard for determining one's competence level.
- Compares the indiana v. edwards case to milton dusky's, where the supreme court dealt with the matter of competency to waive an attorney and right to self-representation.
- Analyzes how the supreme court ruled that involuntary medication should only be permitted to obtain a fair trial or promote the safety of the defendant.
- Explains that if a defendant is incapable of demonstrating rational and factual understanding of charges or legal proceedings, he must be tested for competency to stand trial and undergo thorough evaluation.
- Opines that costanzo, krauss, and worth publishers have published forensic and legal psychology: psychological science applied to law.
1260 wordsRead More