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Short and long term consequences of parkinson disease
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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive and chronic neurodegenerative disorder. The disease is named after English physician James Parkinson, who made a detailed description of the disease in his essay: "An Essay on the Shaking Palsy" (1817). Parkinson 's disease belongs to a group of conditions called movement disorders. It is characterized by muscle rigidity, tremor, a slowing of physical movement (bradykinesia) and, in extreme cases, a loss of physical movement (akinesia) (Sue, Sue, Sue & Sue, 2014). Early symptoms of Parkinson’s include small handwriting, loss of smell, and restricted facial expression. Over time the disease worsens and symptoms become more pronounced and affect the quality of life. Shaking, slurred or slow speech and …show more content…
Parkinson’s affects about one million people within the United States and about five million people worldwide. Most individuals who develop Parkinson 's disease are 60 years of age or older. Parkinson 's disease occurs in approximately 1% of individuals aged 60 years and in about 4% of those aged 80 years (Heyn and Stoppler, 2013). Since overall life expectancy is rising, the number of individuals with Parkinson 's disease will increase in the future. According to Sweeny (2013) Parkinson’s affects approximately 1.5% to 2.0% of people aged 60 years and older. Though it is rare, young adults may also be diagnosed with PD. Before the age of age if 21, the diagnosis is deemed juvenile onset. Between the ages of 21 to 40 it is called early onset. A significantly higher incidence rate of Parkinson’s disease was found among men with the relative risk being 1.5 times greater in men than women. (Wooten, Currie, Bovbjerg, Lee, and & Patrie, …show more content…
Nerve cells in the substantia nigra send out fibers to other parts of the brain and release dopamine. Dopamine serves as a chemical messenger allowing communication between the substantia nigra and another area of the brain called the corpus striatum. When functioning, this system coordinates fine and gross motor skills. The gradual degeneration of the substantia nigra causes a lack of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which results in an inability to control body movements. Parkinson disease can also affect emotions and cognition as dopamine also helps regulate emotional responses. Approximately 15 percent of people with Parkinson disease have a family history of this disorder. Both, Familial or non-inherited cases of Parkinson disease may be caused by mutations in the LRRK2, PARK2, PARK7, PINK1, or SNCA genes. (National Library of Medicine, 2012). Maybe output in what they all do. Medicine net. Alterations in certain genes do not seem to cause Parkinson’s disease but may modify the risk of developing the
Parkinson’s disease is not a condition that is necessarily easy to be diagnosed. Therefore, the individual is advised to see a Parkinson’s specialist to receive the most accurate diagnosis and consider what the best course of treatment for the individual would be.
Parkinson’s disease can come in two forms; there is a late-onset disease, and early-onset disease. Generally, the disease will begin after the age of 50, being the late-onset. In the early-onset cases, they can begin as early as the age of 20, and can be referred to as a juvenile-onset case...
Parkinson’s Disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder in the community resulting in significant disability. This global problem has consumed the lives of many. “Approximately 60,000 Americans are diagnosed with Parkinson's disease each year, and this number does not reflect the thousands of cases that go undetected” (Statistics on Parkinson’s, 2014). Once this unbiased disease has begun to affect the patient it is a lifelong battle. Parkinson’s disease has a tremendous impact on the patient as they battle for their independence and plead for their acceptance into their own community setting. People living with Parkinson’s disease struggle with tremors, bradykinesia and rigidity. It takes a skilled nurse to be able to care for the patient suffering with Parkinson. With education, support and exercise the patient will be able to feel some sense of hope for their future. The purpose of this paper to is educate the community about Parkinson’s disease and the impact on the patient and on the nurse caring for the patient.
With more than 200,000 US cases per year, Parkinson’s disease has become a major part
Parkinson disease begins after the age of 40 years, with peak age of onset between 58 and 62 years. It is slightly more prevalent in males. This disease is one of the most prevalent of the primary CNS disorders and a leading cause of neurologic disability in individuals older than 60 years. The prevalence rate is 107 to 187 per 100,000 persons, with 40,000 new cases in the United States each year.
Parkinson's is an idiopathic, multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that attacks neurotransmitters in the brain called dopamine. Dopamine is concentrated in a specific area of the brain called the substantia nigra. The neurotransmitter dopamine is a chemical that regulates muscle movement and emotion. Dopamine is responsible for relaying messages between the substantia nigra and other parts of the brain to control body movement. The death of these neurotransmitters affects the central nervous system. The most common symptoms are movement related, including shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with posture. Behavioral problems may arise as the disease progresses. Due to the loss of dopamine, Parkinson's patients will often experience depression and some compulsive behavior. In advanced stages of the disease dementia will sometimes occur. The implications of the disease on the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory and phonatory systems significantly control speech.
Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by resting tremor, slowed movements, rigidity and postural instability (Casey G, 2013). It is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s (Martin and Mills, 2012). There is a great variability in reported incidence rates, probably due to difference in diagnostic criteria and case ascertainment, with reported rates in Australia and in Western countries ranging from 8.6 to 19.0 per 100,000 population (J Macphee and D Stewart, 2012). The two main brain structures affected by Parkinson’s are the substantia nigra pars compacta, which is located in the midbrain and other parts of the basal ganglia, w...
Thomas, C. G. (2013, November 25). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Gene-silencing study finds new targets for Parkinson's disease, pp. 1-2. Retrieved December 13, 2013, from http://www.nih.gov/news/health/nov2013/ninds-24.htm
The fact that early signs of Parkinsonism can easily be overlooked as normal aging, further complicates diagnosis. Therefore, primary care physicians of the middle-aged and elderly population must be extremely sensitive to patients’ outward appearance and changes in movement ability. Most signs and symptoms of Parkinson disease correspond to one of three motor deficiencies: bradykinesia, akinesia, tremor, and rigidity. The first two qualities are usually present before tremor, but often attributed to aging by the patient and even the physician, and thus the disease is rarely diagnosed until tremor becomes evident much later. An average of 80% of the nigrostriatal neurons may have already degenerated by the time Parkinsonism is diagnosed, which complicates treatment (Fitzgerald, 130).
The doctor looks for tremors in arms, if one’s expression is animated, how well they can recover balance or if it’s hard to rise from a chair, and stiffness in the neck. There are numerous types of treatment that can treat the symptoms, such as over-the-counter drugs, prescription medication, and even surgical treatment, but there is nothing as of now that can fully reverse the disease. The Parkinson’s Disease Foundation has four different research programs, all dedicated to finding a cure for PD, provides support to over 40 scientific research projects, for a total of $5.1
716). Characteristic features of Parkinson's disease include “motor impairment (bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, gait dysfunction, and postural instability), cognitive impairment (frontal lobe executive dysfunction), and mood disorders” (p. 716). Normally, motor performance depends on the interaction between automatic (unconscious) and volitional (cognitive) control of movement, however those with Parkinson's disease, experience an “early and preferential loss of dopamine in the caudal regions of the basal ganglia (dorsal regions in rodents), which leads to diminished automatic and increased cognitive control of movements that include frontal lobe circuitry” (p. 716). Consequently, those with Parkinson’s disease must sustain a larger cognitive load to execute either motor or cognitive tasks, such as working memory. In the past decade, increasing evidence has accrued for the role of exercise in the improvement of motor performance, which may help both the cognitive and automatic control of movement. Thus, exercise interventions can help those with Parkinson’s disease incorporate goal-based motor skill training, which then helps in engaging circuitry important in motor learning. Individuals with Parkinson's disease become cognitively engaged with the practice and acquiring of movements and skills that were formerly automatic and unconscious. In addition, aerobic exercise is also observed as important for improvement of blood flow and assistance of neuroplasticity in the elderly, which may also play a role in the improvement of behavioral function in those with Parkinson's disease. Petzinger et al. additionally states that exercise also uses goal-based training and aerobic activity which can improve “both cognitive and automatic
Dopamine sends signals to other nerve cells in the brain, which regulates movement, motivation, emotion, and feelings of pleasure.
James Parkinson first discovered Parkinson's Disease in 1817. Parkinson's Disease is a common neurologic disorder for the elderly. It is a disorder of the brain characterized by shaking and difficulty with walking, movement, and coordination. This disease is associated with damage to a part of the brain that controls muscle movement. Parkinson's Disease is a chronic illness that is still being extensively studied.
The chronic disease I am researching and writing about is named Parkinson's disease (PD). By definition, Parkinson’s disease is a slowly progressive neurologic disease characterized by an expressionless face, tremor at rest, slowing of voluntary movements, walking manners are with short accelerating steps, peculiar posture and muscle weakness, caused by degeneration of an area of the brain known as the basal ganglia, and low production of the neurotransmitter dopamine (basically a chemical released by nerve cells to send signals to other nerve cells). In other words, Parkinson's disease is a disorder that affects the way your body moves and it happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. These nerve cells generally
Parkinsonism: - Parkinsonism is a disorder of extrapyramidal system, characterized by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural disturbance. Parkinson’s disease (Paralysis Agitans) Parkinson’s disease (PD) most commonly affects person over the age of 55 year, and is characterized by: bradykinesia, rest tremor, rigidity and postural instability. (At least two of these and a response to levodopa should be usually present to make the diagnosis). The substantia nigra has two parts, the pars reticulata (made up of nonpigmented cells) and the pars compacta (made of pigmented neurons).