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A Short Essay On John Calvin
A Short Essay On John Calvin
Essay on john calvin
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In 1536 a man by the name of John Calvin authored a book titled, “Institutes of the Christian Religion.” In this incredibly detailed theological work, Calvin outlines and defines the doctrines and systematic theology of the Protestant faith. Prior to the release of Calvin’s book, there were little to no reformation movements that were operating on a large scale in the nation of France. But as the impact of Calvin’s work began to grow, there became a growing mass of followers interested in the biblical framework Calvin highlighted. One group, the Huguenots were followers of Calvin and soon began to take steps in starting a Protestant Reformation within the nation of France. The influence of the newly founded Reformation began to grow steadily …show more content…
A couple decades later, in the 1640’s, the reign of Louis XIV took over the French leadership. Louis XIV took the persecution and pressure on the Protestant population to a whole new level. Louis XIV aggressively opposed the Protestant followers and did numerous things to force them to convert back to the Catholicism and denounce their loyalty to the Protestants. Initially, Louis XIV sent out simple missionaries into Protestant areas and told them that if there could be significant financial gain to be made if Protestants would convert to becoming Catholics once again. This method was no welcomed with a lot of success and so in response to that King Louis XIV led a much more consequential method in an effort to convert more Huguenots to the Catholic Church. He began to impose certain penalties around the Protestant population if they would not recommit their faith away from the reformation that they had committed themselves to. In addition to this Louis ordered the closing of Huguenot schools and establishments that the Protestant people had built to support their society. Throughout all these methods that Louis XIV instituted, he grew increasingly frustrated and agitated with the Huguenots and it was only a matter of time until he resorted to increasingly aggressive methods in forcing the Protestant followers to convert. He ordered military troops to invade and loot numerous establishments and homes that were owned by Protestant followers. He did this in an effort to forcibly convert them back to believing and placing loyalty back in the Catholic Church. Louis XIV continued this aggressive persecution of the Huguenots when he did away with the Edict of Nantes. He signed a document formally named the Edict of Fountainebleau which, as mentioned, revoked the previous Edict of Nantes that supported the Protestants and even went so far to even make
The Edict of Nantes had given Protestants, or Huguenots, in France the ability to practice their religion without fear of violence or persecution. Enacted in the late 1500s in an effort to resemble France after the destruction of the French Wars of Religion, the Edict of Nantes served as a means to unite the French population and end the violence that often accompanied religious persecution. Louis’ decision to revoke such a peace-promoting edict, in an effort to homogenize his country and align his subjects with his own beliefs, clearly illustrates his giving of priority to his own agenda, as opposed to that which would best benefit his country. However, while the claim that the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes was detrimental to French society, seems to be disproven by Doc 6, which essentially asserts that the king’s revocation has resulted in the rapid conversion of “whole towns” and describes the king as “the invincible hero destined to… destroy the terrible monster of heresy”, the author’s inherently biased point of view must be addressed. This description, which could be used as evidence to support the fact that Louis did act in interest of the state, must be taken with a grain of salt as the author himself, a member of the Assembly of the Clergy, does not even have the best interest of the state in mind; rather, he is
The Reformation debate letters from John Calvin and Jacopo Sadoleto illustrate the religious controversy of the sixteenth century. Sadoleto’s letter was addressed to the magistrates and citizens of Geneva, pleading them to come back to the Catholic church, as they had fallen to the ways of the Reformers. In his letter, Sadoleto painted the Reformers as ‘crafty’ and ‘enemies of Christian peace’ (30), never directly addressing them. Calvin does, however, address Sadoleto’s insinuations directly in his response. The two letters disagree when it comes to justification, Sadoleto believing that it comes by faith and works and Calvin, more so along the lines that faith is what really matters. Calvin successfully argues against Sadoleto’s premise and presents influential points, making his argument more convincing than his opponent’s.
In 1541, John Calvin was invited to Geneva to put his reformed doctrine into practice. Calvin’s Geneva became a centrum for Protestant exiles, and his doctrines rapidly spread to Scotland, France, Transylvania and the low Countries. Dutch Calvinism became a religious and economic force for the next 400 years. In 1559 Elizabeth I took the
In the 1560’s, France’s Catholics were being challenged by the Calvinists of Geneva for over a decade. After the St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre King Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes that mandated Catholicism as the kingdom’s religion, but also offered Huguenots the ability to hold public offices, be able to worship at certain times and places, and enter hospitals and un...
...ded to amend the Edict of Nantes, in which they were not allowed to have their own armies and towns. Louis took this amendment one step further, by completely revoking the Edict of Nantes. Huguenots were then forced to leave France, as they were forebidden to worship or to have their own schools, and Huguenots were publically humiliated by Louis’ troops. Many Huguenots were tortured to get converts to catholicism. 1/5th of the Huguenots were able to escape France, many of which were skilled artisans, and brought their talents to Protestant friendly countries. Louis also surpressed a sect of Catholicism, the Jansenists, a group of Catholics that had a somewhat Calvinist ideaoligy. Louis believed that some of the Jansenists were at the center of the Frondes, so he took the center of Jansenists, Port Royal, and burned it to the ground.
This is confirmed by the Edict of St Germaine 1562 which legally recognised the Huguenots and allowed them freedom of faith but not worship. Thus the Huguenots political power increased as the Catholic's power decreased. This slight shift in the balance of power only provoked the Catholics into further retaliation. Francis I's alternating policy towards the Huguenot's of tolerance and intolerance gave them the opportunity to increase in both numbers and strength.
In I.17.1 of John Calvin’s work, Calvin argues that people do not need to worry about anything they do not understand because God takes care of everything. It is important to understand that this is not the beginning of Calvin’s Institutes of Christian Religion, because his points in chapter sixteen set the basis for his argument in this next section. Chapter sixteen on providence gives the foundation of
The Huguenot Henry Navarre (Henry IV) took the throne of France after converting to Catholicism to gain support of the majority. He passed the Edict of Nantes in 1598 that allowed the Huguenots to take part in government, have their own fortified cities, freedom to worship, and to take part in Universities. However, the Huguenots were limited to their cities and the Cat...
The Protestant would originally practice their faith in secrecy in order to avoid punishment from the majority of society that was Catholic based faith. Calvin Protestant began to publically perform ceremonies and practice their faith in front of all to see. many of the Calvin followers were nationally French and wanted to spread the Protestant Reformation in their homeland of France. More French Reformed churches began to spread out in France, which made protestant want to practice their faith more publically. This act angered the Catholic people of France even more resulting in an attack on the Protestants. Catherine de’Medici tried to ease the tension between the protestant and the Catholic by enacting a law that forbid harm to Protestant
Louis persecuted two religious groups in particular. The first of these groups was the Jansenists, a faction of the Catholic church that believed in the doctrine of predestination. Although this group was protected by the pope, Louis believed them to be dangerous to both church and state and persecuted them severely. Another group persecuted by Louis XIV was the Huguenots. During Colbert's lifetime, this group was protected because its followers made up a large percentage of France's skilled workers and leaders in commerce, industry, and banking. After Colbert's death, however, Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes, which protected the religious freedom of the Huguenots. Huguenots were no longer free to worship as they pleased for fear of being thrown into prison as an enemy of the state. This policy proved to have a very bad effect on the French economy becaus...
In 1598, King Henry IV of France created the edict of Nantes stating that “we permit to those of the Reformed religion to live and dwell in all cities and places of our Kingdom” (Doc. 5). By legalizing the Protestant group he aimed to lessen the inner turmoil of France, much like how Prince William and Archduke Matthias halted turmoil in the Netherlands. Although, almost a century later the Edict of Nantes was revoked by another French Monarch, King Louis XIV. “We forbid our subjects of the Protestant religion, to meet any more for the exercise of the said religion in any place or private house, under any pretext whatsoever.” (Doc. 8). Louis disagreed strongly enough with the edict of Nantes that he revoked it, showing direct opposition to past Monarchs. Lutheran King Charles XII spread his practice of religious tolerance to places he conquered. “In these places in Silesia where public practice of the Lutheran religion is prohibited, no one shall henceforth be prevented from performing religious observances peacefully and quietly in his own house for himself and his children” (Doc. 8). The differing opinions on religious
with his 95 Theses. A strict father who most likely did not accept “no” as an
Huguenot leader, Admiral Gaspard II de Coligny encouraged a war in the low countries against Spain from the reopening of civil war. The French King, Charles IX approved it in the summer of 1572 (“Massacre of St. Bartholomew Day”). During the summer Catherine’s son, Charles was okay of the civil war starting again. Next, Catherine de Medici’s son King Charles IX of France wanted the Huguenot Protestant leaders in Paris murdered. All the killing is the outcome of the massacre leads to many of the Protestants getting killed all around France (“Saint Bartholomew Day”). Another cause that led up to the massacre is the French Wars on Religion were going to last with not many calm times until 1598 Treaty of Vervins along with Henry IV's, Edict of Nantes. Both established restricted freedom of religion in the country. In 1559, Queen Catherine de Medici made the choice to execute any leading Protestants (Hitchcock and Edmund). Catherine did not want any Protestants who believed in a different religion as her so she thought it was a good idea to excite all of them. According to one source, “Saint Bartholomew Day” “Catherine had ordered the murder of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, a Huguenot leader, whom she felt was leading her son into war with Spain”. When Coligny was murdered the Huguenots lost one of their greatest leaders when they needed him the most. In closing, these causes had an impact to the
The Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century is one of the most complex movements in European history since the fall of the Roman Empire. The Reformation truly ends the Middle Ages and begins a new era in the history of Western Civilization. The Reformation ended the religious unity of Europe and ushered in 150 years of religious warfare. By the time the conflicts had ended, the political and social geography in the west had fundamentally changed. The Reformation would have been revolutionary enough of itself, but it coincided in time with the opening of the Western Hemisphere to the Europeans and the development of firearms as effective field weapons. It coincided, too, with the spread of Renaissance ideals from Italy and the first stirrings of the Scientific Revolution. Taken together, these developments transformed Europe.
Louis' reign brought large economic gain and severe economic recession. He was the first king to embrace mercantilism in his country as the form of economy. Unfortunately, Louis was a devout Catholic, and ruined his economy with one move. He revoked the Edict of Nantes, the document that said that Huguenots could worship Protestantism in peace. This infuriated the Huguenots, and they left with their skills. By the loss of 200,000 skilled workers and business leaders, France's income dropped.