The French Huguenots are a group of Protestants, many of whom left France during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to avoid religious conflicts with the Catholic majority. Although the 1680 settlement at Oyster Point was the most successful, over the previous century several other attempts to settlement were made by different Huguenot groups.
The Huguenots were founded by John Calvin (1509-1564) who believed in predestination- the belief that God already knows who is going to heaven and who is not and there is nothing to be done about that. He also believed in a theocracy. This means that the church should be involved in government instead of the church submitting to the authority of the government. This would cause 40 years of civil wars to breakout in France between the Catholic majority and the Huguenot minority for control of the crown and just for respect on the part of the Huguenots. Many Huguenots fled France for other countries in Europe that were more welcoming, especially England. However the possibilities of claiming their own territory were enticing. The first attempt of Huguenots to settle in the Americas occurred in 1555. They were led Durand de Villegagnon and landed in Brazil, however the settlement did not last long. The two attempts by Jean Ribault and René de Laudonniere that took place in 1562 and 1564 were also unsuccessful.
The Huguenot Henry Navarre (Henry IV) took the throne of France after converting to Catholicism to gain support of the majority. He passed the Edict of Nantes in 1598 that allowed the Huguenots to take part in government, have their own fortified cities, freedom to worship, and to take part in Universities. However, the Huguenots were limited to their cities and the Cat...
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Hirsch, Arthur Henry PhD, The Huguenots of Colonial South Carolina. Hamden: Archon Books, 1962.
This book provided information specifically about the Huguenots who came to Carolina and provided me with information about why and how the Huguenots came to settle in Carolina. This Book is a well-respected source on the Huguenots in Early South Carolina.
Ruymbeke, Bertrand Van. From New Babylon to Eden: The Huguenots and Their Migration to Colonial South Carolina. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2006.
This book was published out the University of South Carolina and provided information and the politics and laws in France that explains the Huguenot’s desire to leave. This also contains specific, well researched information on the first generation Huguenots in South Carolina including the promotion of the Colony.
Beginning in the mid sixteenth century, French explorers were able to establish a powerful and lasting presence in what is now the Northern United States and Canada. The explorers placed much emphasis on searching and colonizing the area surrounding the St. Lawrence River “which gave access to the Great Lakes and the heart of the continent”(Microsoft p?). They began exploring the area around 1540 and had early interactions with many of the Natives, which made communication easier for both peoples when the French returned nearly fifty years later. The French brought a new European desire for fur with them to America when they returned and began to trade with the Indians for furs in order to supply the European demands. The Natives and the French were required to interact with each other in order to make these trades possible, and, over time, the two groups developed a lasting alliance. However, the French began to face strong competition in the fur trading industry, which caused many problems between different European nations and different native tribes. Therefore, the trading of fur allowed early seven- teenth century French explorers to establish peaceful relations with the Natives, however, com- petitive trading also incited much quarreling between competing colonies and Indian tribes.
The beneficial aspects of South Carolina outweigh the detrimental aspects. South Carolina is a powerful asset. The economy is strong and provides a priceless resource of indigo and rice. Our woolen industry would not be able to cope without the dye from the indigo. The colony produces an abundance of rice. The colony is also strategically located, to stop the Spanish from expanding north. Although there is a political predicament, it is not beyond thy Majesty to resolve it. By and large, the colony is a worthy investment and should receive immediate financial backing accompanied by British officials to reinforce the policies and taxes of thy Divine Grace.
However, he would also stress the importance for a centralized religious authority. Henry VIII used the church and the idea of the church being all powerful in combination with the monarchy to solidify his position as a strong ruler. When Henry VIII had to repeatedly ask the church for permission to take action with his marriages and life, he realized that he was limited by the church. Henry VIII wanted to be all powerful, and having to answer to the church meant that he was not. In 1533 he passed the Act in Restraint of Appeals. This act, which stripped the papacy the right of taking judicial action, made Henry VIII the highest judicial authority in England. This was his first move to take some of the power away from the church, while still leaving it as a respected institution involved with the state. Shortly after though, in 1534, Henry VIII passed the Act of Supremacy. This created the Anglican Church of England, and named Henry VIII the head of it. This break with the Catholic church and merge of head of church with the head of state was not an action made to create a more holy and divine nation, it was political. He knew that the path to true power and control was through the church and he used it to his advantage. The relationship that Henry VIII forced between the church and his position as head of state made it essentially impossible for him and his rule to be
by Spain and the pope, however, the league refused to accept a Protestant king of France
Just as the proprietors had anticipated, many of the early settlers to this new colony were from Barbados. Actually, “. . . Carolina was the only seventeenth-century English colony to be settled principally by colonists from other colonies rather than from England” (Roark). Also these Barbadian immigrants brought their slaves with them to what later became known as South Carolina. While there were indentured servants in the colony, black slaves quickly outnumbered them unlike in the Chesapeake. Soon more than a fourth of the early settlers were slaves and as the colony grew in population, attracting more settlers from Barbados, the black population multiplied (Roark). “By 1700, slaves made up about half the population of Carolina” (Roark). These slaves were needed desperately in the fields to grow the colony’s main export: rice.
“New France was not merely the settlement of a few fur traders; it was also a colony of Christ in the New World, even more a colony of Christ, or of the Church, than of France.” Due to the pious believers that inhabited New France, the country was run in a particular way, separating itself from France. Although falling under the jurisdiction of “New France,” the Acadians governed separately than the rest of the country and were a separate entity within New France. Today, “the Acadians are the French speaking population of the Canadian Maritime provinces,” and these are the Acadians that were not displaced during the expulsions, under British rule. Acadia’s beginnings, with the construction of Port Royal, could have marked the colony for success, but instead, led to a troubling conclusion for the European descendents. Through failed leadership, two major expulsions, and a takeover of the Acadian peoples’ French culture, the once-thriving group has been displaced primarily to Louisiana, taking on a new identity of Cajuns.
Harris, Leslie M. “In The Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863. New York: University of Chicago Press, 2003. http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/317749.html
One of the first actions Louis did when he came to power was revoke the Edict of Nantes which originally allowed protestants to worship in many towns. With the revocation Huguenot churches and schools were closed and Huguenot pastors that did not renounce their faith were sent to exile. However, besides the Edict of Nantes, Louis did not have many other laws that directly changed the way people lived compared with Peter, who had many. Peter wanted to modernize, and therefore, ‘westernize’ Russia. Peter also used St. Petersburg to modernize Russia. The new capital was designed to reflect modern urban planning with new features such as wider avenues and aline buildings. He prohibited men from having beards and had them taxed if they did so. He also changed men and women’s clothing to be more like France and England’s styles. Furthermore, he changed the way Russians entertained; now, both men and women would be in the same hall during celebrations and parties. When Peter’s social changes resulted in more modernization for Russia, Louis’ social changes resulted in international prestige for France. By the end of Louis’ reign, France was a country that all other countries looked up to and French replaced Latin as the common language. The French language and French customs became a symbol for the wealthy and
Wood, Peter H. Black Majority, Negroes in Colonial South Carolina: From 1670 through the Stono Rebellion. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974. Print.
Since I am interested in South Carolina, I decided to find out a little more about it. One of the things I would like to find out is what happened in South Carolina’s history. It would also be interesting to find out about the state governor. Information about the capital city is another thing I want to learn about South Carolina. Finally, I want to know about to know about a famous person from South Carolina. Those are some of the things I hope to learn from doing this paper.
King Louis XIV's 72 year reign was incredibly influential in shaping French history. King Louis XIV’s childhood was traumatic because of “La Fronde” which was a noble rebellion against the monarchy. This experience taught King Louis XIV to distrust the nobles. It was for this reason that he eventually excluded nobility from the council and surrounded himself with loyal ministers whom he could control. He also separated the aristocracy from the people of France by moving the court to the Palace of Versailles. One of the most notable of King Louis XIV’s decisions was that he refused to appoint another Prime Minister after the death of Prime Minister Mazarin. Every decision, from the declaration of war to the approval of a passport, went through him personally. During his reign as king, France participated in several wars including the War of Devolution, in Anglo-Dutch War, and the War of the Spanish Succession. Another major action he took was the proclamation of the Edict of Fontainebleau, which revoked the Edict of Nantes, imposing religious uniformity through Catholi...
...uguenots under the leadership of Prince de Conde and the King of Navarre.”(Chris Trueman 1). The Huguenot wars finally came to an end when the treaty of Vervins ended the rivalry between the two opposing groups. Despite Catholicism remaining the official religion, the Huguenots were allowed to practice their religion and were guaranteed protection abroad. All the Huguenots had to do was pay taxes and observe catholic holidays, which was nothing to them compared to their religious freedoms.
Louis' reign brought large economic gain and severe economic recession. He was the first king to embrace mercantilism in his country as the form of economy. Unfortunately, Louis was a devout Catholic, and ruined his economy with one move. He revoked the Edict of Nantes, the document that said that Huguenots could worship Protestantism in peace. This infuriated the Huguenots, and they left with their skills. By the loss of 200,000 skilled workers and business leaders, France's income dropped.
For hundreds of years, France had been running on a political system called the Old Regime. This system divided the population of France into three groups, also known as estates. Two of the three estates had rights and privileges such as being excused from paying taxes, and having the opportunity to run for a high office. The other estate was not treated with the same luxury. They had to pay insanely high taxes and many did not get the right to get an education. The first estate was made up of the Roman Catholic Church. They were at the top of the social class and owned ten percent of all of France’s land. The second group was made up of the French nobility. The rich nobles accounted for twenty percent of France’s land, but only made up roughly two percent of the population. The third group was for the commoners. It made up about ninety seven percent of the French population. The third estate was split into three subdivisions. The first of the three groups were the Bourgeocies. The Bourgeocies were mostly bankers, business owners, and artisans. They had the opportunity to get an education and make a decent amount of money. But, they had to pay extremely high taxes which caused them to not make much money. The next group was the low income French workers. They were frequently unemployed and did not have enough money for food. The last group was the peasants. Shockingly, the
So long as Union troops occupied the South due to the institution of the Reconstruction Act on March 2, 1867, the blacks could be assured any road they wanted to take was open. The immediate priority for many of them was the reunification of their lost family members, friends, and romances. Thousands of freed slaves could be found traveling the roads looking for a place to call home as one community. Their first notable achievement was to establish an economic presence through higher education, namely the ability to read and write. Many school houses were built, funded and manned by white Northerners sympathetic to the freedman’s plight. Soon to follow this advancement was the erection of places of worship to exercise their new freedom of religion. Pastored by their own, black churches were vigorously built to provide a spiritual sanctuary for the 900,000 black citizens of various den...