In 1961 President John F Kennedy put together a doctrine, which altered from President Eisenhower’s one. It was to “Respond flexibly to communist expansion, especially guerrilla warfare.” (Roskin & Berry, 2010, p. 58) It was a time when the Cold War was at its height and nuclear weapons a mass threat and source of power. This doctrine was aimed at using alternative means before opening into combat. This, in light of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, it succeeded in doing. Summarize a situation that required U.S. diplomatic efforts during the president’s time in office. During President John F Kennedy’s term in office, there was the Cuban missile crisis. This occurred in 1962 and had America not decided on the course of actions that it took, the possibility of there being World War three would have become reality. At this time in history there was an arm’s race between the Soviet Union and America, neither wanting to be the underdog. Fidel Castro, the Prime minister of Cuba at that time (later to become President) asked for assistance from the Soviet Union to help shield it from possible American invasion. There was a treaty between the two countries. The Soviet Union; aware that they were behind in the arm’s race and panicking agreed and started to set up missile bases in Cuba. This would have increased the Soviet Union’s power and presence in the world. America discovered what was happening, and after serious consultations with the National Security Council Kennedy decided upon placing a naval blockade. According to recordings edited by Ernest May “Kennedy was not going to let things spin out of control” (Roskin & Berry, 2010, p. 63). The result of Kennedy’s decision was to give the Soviet Union an out, which they inevitably to... ... middle of paper ... ...ences Allyn, B. J., Blight, J. G., & Welch, D. A. (2002). Afterward: The Cuban Missile Crisis in Post-Cold War Conciousness. In (Ed.), Afterward from Cuba on the Brink: Castro, the Missile Crisis and the Soviet Collapse (p. 11). Retrieved fromhttp://www.watsoninstitute.org/pub/CotBafter.pdf (Original work published ) Gaddis, J. L. (1982). Flexible Response. Nuclear Files. Abstract retrieved from http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/cold-war/strategy/strategy-flexible-response.htm Roskin, M. G., & Berry, N. O. (2010). IR: The New World Of International Relations (Custom ed.). NJ: Prentice Hall. the Aftermath. Constructing the Past, 12(1), 4. Abstract obtained from The The Soviet Unionn Century, , . the atomic bomb website. (n.d.). The limited Test Ban Treaty. Retrieved October 18, 2011, from http://www.atomcentral.com/testban.html
In this essay, the author
- Explains that president kennedy put together a doctrine, which altered from president eisenhower's one, to "respond flexibly to communist expansion, especially guerrilla warfare."
- Analyzes the cuban missile crisis during president john f kennedy's term in office.
- Analyzes how the kennedy doctrine, which was to "respond flexibly to communist expansion, especially guerrilla warfare," was executed in this history-making event.
- Describes the effects of diplomatic efforts by the u.s. and the soviet union on the world.
- Evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of the particular doctrine that was followed. kennedy's doctrine "respond flexibly to communist expansion, especially guerrilla warfare" had a number of advantages.
- Opines that america could have been the first country to open fire, had the soviet union not retreated. castro and his communist regime remained relatively untouched and the people suffered through the trade embargos.
- Explains that afterward from cuba on the brink: castro, the missile crisis and the soviet collapse.
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- The Cuban Missiles Crisisanalytical essayIn his book, The Week the World Stood Still, Sheldon M. Stern states, "Never before or since has the survival of human civilization been at stake in a few short weeks of dangerous deliberations." This statement accurately sums up the Cuban Missile Crisis, a period of 13 days at the height of the Cold War in which the Soviet Union and the United States where on the brink of a thermonuclear world war. With the United States threatening both the USSR’s borders and Cuba, their only ally in the west, Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union, needed to take action. Based on the state of the world at the time, the Soviets’ placement of nuclear missiles in Cuba and negotiations were completely reasonable, and the United States’ response to these actions was irrational and dangerous.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how sheldon m. stern's book, the week the world stood still, sums up the cuban missile crisis, a period of 13 days at the height of the cold war.
- Explains the hostility between the soviet union and the united states existed long before the crisis began, dating back to world war i.
- Explains that the ussr placed nuclear missiles in cuba to protect the country from the threat of invasion by the u.s.
- Explains porter, keith, "timeline of u.s.-russian relations." about.com us foreign policy.
- Analyzes how khrushchev's attempts to force the u.s., france, and great britain to withdraw their forces out of west berlin were unsuccessful.
- Explains that the soviet union's plans were not successful, and the ussr began planning out possible responses to kennedy’s speech.
- Explains that cuba on the brink: castro, the missile crisis, and the soviet collapse.
- Describes the cuban missile crisis, 1962: anatomy of a controversy.
- Explains lagrone's "soviet perspective on the cuban missile crisis from nikita khrushchevâ€tms son." macdonald, bruce w.
- Cites roeschley, jason k., trueman, chris, and van hoesel, frans. the soviet union and the united states.
1460 wordsRead More - The Significance of the Cuban Missile Crisisanalytical essayWhen speaking about the Cuban Missile Crisis, President Kennedy said, "It is insane that two men, sitting on opposite sides of the world, should be able to decide to bring an end to civilization” (“Nuclear Test Ban Treaty” 1). the Cuban Missile Crisis was a time where these two men, Kennedy and Khrushchev, had the power in their hands to end civilization. In order to understand the importance of the Cuban Missile Crisis one must understand, the Cold war drama; the dangerous crisis; and its importance today.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that the cuban missile crisis was a time when kennedy and khrushchev had the power to end civilization.
- Explains that the cold war was a global geostrategic, economic, and ideological competition between the east and the west.
- Explains that castro didn't turn cuba into a democracy like he intended. eisenhower trained about 1,500 cuban exiles in secret to try to take over cuba.
- Analyzes how the cuban missile crisis created a problem that threatened the world. kennedy called the naval blockade 'quarantine' to stop arms shipments.
- Explains that the missiles were likely to get back at the u.s. for the weapons in turkey. kennedy realized diplomacy was the only option that could end the crisis.
- Explains that both sides had a legitimate reason for destroying the other. the crisis ended up slowing the cold war and sped up the arms race.
- Explains how the cuban missile crisis changed the cold war, communications, and arms control.
- Explains that the threshold test ban limits testing to the equivalent of 150,000 tons of tnt, and the peaceful nuclear explosions treaty.
- Explains the cold war danger, the crisis that nearly destroyed the world, and its influence on nuclear weapons control.
- Analyzes jeffrey lehman's u.s. history in context.
- Explains the international encyclopedia of the social sciences. william a. darity, jr.
- Explains the cuban missile crisis in the cold war reference library.
1683 wordsRead More - The Cuban Missile Crisisanalytical essayAs prominent leader Fidel Castro took over in Cuba and introduced major reforms, many Cubans fled to America and brought stories with them that outraged the American press (History Learning Site). America now decided that they would stop all trade with Cuba and that is when Russia came in to buy Cuba’s sugar and other exports that were previously going to America. This event drove Castro to support Russia (History Learning Site). The Cuban Missile Crisis started on October 16th when an American spy plane took photographs over Cuba and saw obvious missile bases. These missiles were later revealed to be nuclear (History Learning Site). The US had repeatedly warned the Soviets not to place nuclear weapons in Cuba and the Soviets had assured them that they wouldn’t do that and told the US that Cuba would only receive non-nuclear weapons for the defense of their island (The Cuban Missile Crisis, Considering its Place in Cold War History). Nobody knew what Russias and Cubas intentions were putting these missiles there. Theodore Sorensen, one of President Kennedy’s close advisors said “The only honest answer I have is, I don’t know now, and I didn’t know then. None of us knew. We could only speculate about what Khrushchev was up to” (The Cuban Missile Crisis…). The US were clueless about what Cuba and Russia were going to do with those missiles and their main objective was to get them out.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the cuban missile crisis started on october 16th when an american spy plane took photographs over cuba and saw obvious missile bases.
- Analyzes how president kennedy decided to keep nuclear weapons in cuba secret from the public, which shows the seriousness of the matter of nuclear warfare.
- Analyzes how the soviets threatened to sink us ships that were blocking their passage to cuba, and the u.s entered defcon 2, a defensive condition so the us was ready for nuclear war.
- Analyzes how the cold war affected cuba in a bad way. they had awesome nuclear weapons put into their country but did not get to use them or keep them, lost trade from the u.s., and were surrounded by american ships.
- Concludes that the cuban missile crisis teaches a lot of lessons to leaders back then and people learning about it today.
863 wordsRead More - Cuban Missle Crisisanalytical essayOn October 28, Khrushchev sent Kennedy a letter stating that he agreed to the terms Kennedy stated, and the crisis ended. The Cuban Missile Crisis can be blamed on the insecurity of Cuba and the Soviet Union. After the United States’ unsuccessful attempt to overthrow Castro and end communism in Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in 1961, Castro was fearful of another US invasion. The US Armed Forces conducted a mock invasion and drafted a plan to invade Cuba to keep Castro nervous. As a result, Castro thought the US was serious, and he was desperate to find protection. This protection came in the form of sixty Soviet medium-range ballistic missiles. (Detzer 30-32, 39, 55, 68, 87) During his presidential campaign, Kennedy repeatedly stated that the US had less missiles than the Soviets, contradicting the Pentagon’s claim that the opposite was true. However, during the summer of 1961, when...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the cuban missile crisis was a showdown between the united states and the soviet union from october 16 to october 28, 1962.
- Analyzes how the cuban missile crisis was blamed on the insecurity of cuba and the soviet union.
- Explains that cuba was close enough to the us that soviet missiles would be an effective deterrent to a potential us attack against either the soviet union or cuba.
- Describes the members of the ex-comm, including vice president lyndon johnson, secretary of state dean rusk, defense secretary robert mcnamara, general maxwell taylor, special assistant to the president for national security affairs, mcgeorge bundy, treasury secretary douglas dillon, cia director john mccone, attorney general robert kennedy,
- Analyzes how kennedy followed his planned schedule to stop the missile warheads from reaching cuba. the joint chiefs of staff and air force strongly argued for an air strike.
- Explains that kennedy met with soviet foreign minister andrie gromyko on october 18 and decided not to confront him on the issue. kennedy liked the idea of a blockade, but couldn't decide between it or an air strike.
- Describes how kennedy began his speech at 7.00 p.m. with instructions to launch missiles and 20 planes armed with nuclear bombs ready to strike ussr.
- Explains that kennedy sent a copy of his speech to khrushchev, who became angry at both his military for not successfully hiding the missiles and the american "quarantine."
- Analyzes how khrushchev's letter to the white house accused the president of "advancing an ultimatum and threatening that if we don't give in to your demands you will use force."
- Explains how the soviets detected the u-2 and launched mig fighters to intercept the spy plane. the american f-102s were armed with nuclear tipped air-to-air missiles.
- Narrates how khrushchev and his advisors drafted a letter with the utmost urgency, which was rushed to the broadcasting station.
- Analyzes how ex-comm members were relieved, but others, especially the joint chiefs, considered the announcement a ploy by khrushchev to buy more time. castro countered the agreement with the help of the un.
- Analyzes how president kennedy was assassinated in dallas, texas, and premier khrushchev was removed from office by communist "hard liners."
3173 wordsRead More - Analysis Of Robert Kennedy's Thirteen Daysanalytical essayIt was on this day that President Kennedy as well as Robert Kennedy were first notified that the Soviet Union was building missiles on Cuba (Kennedy, 20). After being notified a group was created that eventually became known as Ex Comm, a group full of, according to Robert Kennedy “men of highest intelligence,” It was within this group that discussions took place on how to handle this crisis. Two main ideas arose about how to handle Cuba. The first was to form a blockade around Cuba, the second was for a military attack. Though many seemed in favor of a strong military reaction President Kennedy instead chose to create a blockade. This response was met with some criticism from Congressional leadership, however he stood fast with his decision. This was because President Kennedy understood that a direct attack would force the Soviets to retaliate which would cause many American, and Russian lives. President Kennedy understood the ramifications on both sides of the conflict, and did not want any bloodshed. President Kennedy based his “initial” (Kennedy, 43) first step on this idea. He looked at both sides, American and Russian, and made a decision, a decision that kept us from the start of a nuclear
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how robert kennedy's memoir, thirteen days, details the cuban missile crisis through his own eyes and how his brother, john f. kennedy, reacted as well.
- Narrates how president kennedy and robert kennedy were notified that the soviet union was building missiles on cuba on october 16, 1962.
- Explains that president kennedy and robert kennedy knew that neither side wanted all-out war, but they understood that each country would go to war if it was a matter of saving face, or pride.
- Explains that president kennedy's methods were correct, and that the end of the "thirteen days" was the first direct attack on an american plane.
- Explains that president kennedy's decisions were based solely on the president looking at the other viewpoint (russia) throughout these thirteen days. he was reluctant to attack the missile site, board russian ships, quarantine and blockade over military attacks.
- Explains that president kennedy understood the importance of looking at problems through all points of view. this skill kept us out of a nuclear war.
1030 wordsRead More - CMCexplanatory essayThe Cuban Missile Crisis was one of the key events in the Cold War Neely bring us to the brink of thermonuclear war. With the failed Bay of Pigs invasion the Soviets wanted to bulk up Cuba’s defense to resist any further aggression so that they could have a Soviet satellite in the western hemisphere. (cmc article 257) The Soviets told the United States that they were giving Cuba defensive weapons to defend themselves against any further invasion but they also gave Cuba Offensive weapons that could strike into the heart of the United States. This greatly made the government concern about the Soviets and possible first strike capabilities against the United States rendering them unable to fire back. The Soviets were trying to strong arm the United States to limit its capabilities on striking them. While the situation of easily been solved by simple course of action both sides were trying to remain dominant in the eyes of other nations.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the cuban missile crisis brought us to the brink of thermonuclear war. the soviets wanted to bulk up cuba's defense to resist any further aggression.
- Explains that the bay of pigs was the biggest factor leading up to the cuban missile crisis.
- Describes how the united states called ex com to brainstorm the best course of action against the threat of the missiles in cuba.
- Explains that president kennedy addressed the united states about the weapon stockpile that was currently on cuba and the american response to this threat.
- Explains that the soviets were concerned about the missiles in turkey and the first strike capability of the united states on them.
809 wordsRead More - Crucial Effect Of The Cuban Missile Crisisargumentative essayThe main reason for the crucial effect of the Cuban Missile Crisis comes from the fact that this event was the closest the world has ever been to a nuclear war. In 1962, America was very prepared with their nuclear weapons, being able to attack the Soviet Union with missiles if necessary (Overview of the Crisis 1). But the disadvantage to the Soviets was that their missiles could only be used within Europe. As a result, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev proposed the idea of placing their missile launching centres in Cuba, making their distance from the United States very slim (Overview of the Crisis 1). Since Castro was fearing another American attack, he approved the proposal of placing missiles on his island. By 1962, the Soviets had started placing missiles in Cuba, and that was when the crisis began (Overview of the Crisis 1). On October 15, 1962, photos were taken from American airplanes revealing the missions of the Soviet missiles in Cuba (Overview of the Crisis 1). On October 22, President Kennedy took matters into his own hands by announcing the reveal of missiles in Cuba (Overview of the Crisis 1). He announced his mission to q...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that tension and problematic situations have arose between the united states and cuba since the cuban revolution of 1959.
- Explains that the cuban missile crisis was the closest the world had ever been to a nuclear war.
- Analyzes how the cuban missile crisis proved to be crucial because of the lesson of resolution it has taught.
- Compares the cuban missile crisis to the bay of pigs invasion and the united states embargo against cuba.
- Concludes that the cuban missile crisis has had a significant impact on north american and european history.
1220 wordsRead More - The Cuban Missile Crisisexplanatory essayEvidence: On October 1962, a U.S. spy plane caught Soviet Union moving nuclear missiles into Cuba. After a week of careful discussion with his advisers, President Kennedy then forced a naval blockade which prevented materials from coming in but it did not work for soviets from operating the missiles that were already there. That is where President Kennedy was really worried about, so the second week came by. That is also where when Kennedy and soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev stood, just eye balling each other to where both of them was not even backing down. On October 27, it was the day of the decision and thanks to Kennedy’s secret tapes and careful discussions. Khrushchev did a final pledge not to invade Cuba in exchange for the withdraw of soviet missiles. Although it is just a distant memory ...
In this essay, the author
- Narrates how the cold war between the united states and the soviet union was the most difficult decision of president kennedy's life.
- Explains that washington and european capital have been involved in a long time bout with iran nuclear diplomacy.
- Explains how the cuban missile crisis happened during the cold war between the united states of america and the soviet union.
- Explains that the cuban missile crisis helped a lot of people understand what to do next time and how to take extra precaution when making difficult decisions.
- Opines that nuclear weapons are more dangerous than they ever were because of the rapid increase of global terrorist threats.
1174 wordsRead More - The Bay Of Pigs Invasionanalytical essayThe errors committed by the United States in terms of inaccurate planning and overconfidence within the Bay of Pigs Invasion rose the confidence of Cuban government in its own people and intelligence services and tactics for future attacks. The Bay of Pigs debacle not only strengthened Fidel Castro's hold on power, but also brought the Soviet Union firmly on to his side, thus increasing Castro’s initiative to implement Communism ideals in Cuba. This is evident in Castro’s strong relationship with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev between 1960 and 1962. The failure of the 1961 Invasion served as motivation for Fidel Castro to start planning a counter attack on the United States Government. Immediately as the Invasion had finished, Castro acted in order to further strengthen the nation in sight of possible future conflicts. To facilitate this, he consequently approved of Khrushchev's plan to place missiles on the island, something that immediately established a political alliance between the two Communist leaders which was convenient to both. Castro needed Soviet help to protect his regi...
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the bay of pigs debacle strengthened fidel castro's hold on power and brought the soviet union firmly on his side, thus increasing his initiative to implement communism ideals in cuba.
- Analyzes how the bay of pigs invasion set the stage for the cuban missile crisis, arguably the most dangerous u.s.-soviet confrontation in history.
519 wordsRead More - The Cold War: The Cuban Missile Crisisexplanatory essayA blockade is defined as an act of war by which a belligerent prevents access to or departure from a defined part of the enemy’s coasts” (“Cuban Missile Crisis.” 2). President Kennedy declared that any ships carrying nuclear weapons trying to pass into Cuban territory will be taken in control by the US Navy. Soviet Union ships attempted to find new ways around the Blockade. JFK, then sent a letter stating to the Soviets that “the United States would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba, and demanded that the Soviets dismantled the missile bases already under construction or completed, and return all offensive weapons to the U.S.S.R”(“The Cold War.”). All of these events, lead to the start of a period of time that would be known as the darkest part of the Cold War. These thirteen days from October 16th - 28th, 1962 (“The Cold War.” ) were known as the darkest time. Moreover, President JFK went on national television to tell Americans what they had found in Cuba and how they were going to resolve the issue with nuclear weapons in
In this essay, the author
- Explains that fear is an unpleasant emotion caused by anticipation or awareness of danger. the cuban missile crisis erupted along side the cold war era.
- Explains that the aggressive military decisions and mistakes during john f. kennedy's early presidency lead to the cuban missile crisis.
- Explains that cuba's location from florida escalated the cuban missile catastrophe. the havana site located in cuba was the main location which housed their nuclear weapons.
- Explains that the cuban missile crisis escalated so quickly because of the tension with the soviet union.
1652 wordsRead More