The Cause of the Industrial Revolution
explanatory Essay
1218 words
The Cause of the Industrial Revolution In discussing the main developments of the Industrial Revolution, we must first look at the Agricultural Revolution and the effects of enclosure as writes Peter Mathias a secondary source, "to be given identity, the concept (the Industrial Revolution) implies the onset of a fundamental change in the structure of an economy; a fundamental redeployment of resources away from agriculture" (Peter Mathias (1969,p2) The First Industrial Nation). The agricultural revolution was the precursor to the industrial revolution and began around 1650, with parliamentary enclosure acts dominating the period 1750 - 1830. Enclosure changed agriculture from an open field system, whereby the villagers would each farm on a strip of land to provide for their own requirements to a system of private land management of enclosed fields and individual landowners took over control of the land. The community no longer had communal rights to the land and had to look to the large landowner for their living. Enclosing the land brought benefits to agricultural productivity from new crop rotation and heavy manuring, but for the peasant farmers they were displaced of their land and forced to find work elsewhere. Farming became less labour intensive and the large farms contributed to a rural labour surplus. The Agricultural Revolution created wealthy landowners, which in turn added to a financial situation favourable for the industrial revolution. As M.W. Flinn a writes in Origins of the Industrial Revolution, a secondary source "there is much truth in the assertion that the increase in rents, itself mainly the product of enclosur... ... middle of paper ... ...g ought to be done in regard to it." Bibliography Class notes 19/09/04 The theory of 'take-off' W.Rostow 'The Stages of Economic Growth' Class notes 29/09/04 Banking and Finance Class notes 29/09/04 Industrial Revolution Background Events Class notes 29/09/04 Map 5 The British Empire 1783 Class notes 30/09/04 Conditions in England 1832 - 1853 Dale, Henry & Dale, Rodney (1992). The Industrial Revolution, London, The British Library Flinn, M.W. (1966). Origins of the Industrial Revolution, London, Longmans Green & Co Ltd Mathias, Peter (1969). The First Industrial Nation, London, Methuen & Co Ltd http://histclo.hispeed.com accessed 4/10/04 http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/oliver/context.html accessed 4/10/04 http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/IR/036.html accessed 1/10/04
In this essay, the author
- Explains that they no longer had communal rights to land and had to look to the large landowners.
- Explains that agriculture by 1800 was 35% and by 1871 it was as low as 45%.
- Narrates how he built his first home, which was too big and heavy to be used in the home.
- Opines that around the same time there was a need to find other ways of doing things.
- Explains that by the late 1700s, steam began to replace water.
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- Reasons Behind the Industrial Revolutionexplanatory essayReasons Behind the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was the widespread replacement of labor by machines driven by water wheels, windmills and later by steam power. This change called the Industrial Revolution was a process, which began in the 18th century and continued well into the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution was the result of interrelated changes, which transformed agricultural economies into industrial ones.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the industrial revolution was the widespread replacement of labor by machines driven by water wheels, windmills, and later by steam power.
- Explains that the industrial revolution changed the nature of productions, replacing the domestic system, and overturned traditional economies.
- Explains that economic changes caused far reaching social changes, including the movement of people to cities in search of work, the availability of a greater variety of materials, and new ways of doing business.
- Explains that the population of britain grew rapidly between 1780 and 1851. the rising birth rate and the falling death rate were at work.
- Explains that the plague carrying black rat eliminated people in 1665, and there were improvements in medical knowledge, such as the discovery of a vaccine against smallpox.
- Explains that the rising population of britain helped cause the industrial revolution because britain's industry needed labor to operate the machines in the factories.
- Explains that britain's population growth caused the industrial revolution because there were several more people living in britain to buy the goods produced by the industries.
- Explains that the majority of people living in britain at that time was poor and could not afford the products made by industry due to factors such as enclosure.
- Explains that rich landowners encouraged the industrial revolution. britain had plenty of raw materials, which were useful in britain's industries.
- Explains that most of the new industrial processes depended on a cheap supply of fuel. britain possessed large deposits of coal, and production increased rapidly.
- Explains that iron was smelted in britain using charcoal, a kind of burnt wood. a growing wood shortage made charcoal more difficult to obtain, and many iron masters had successfully experimented with the use of coal.
- Explains that darby's new smelting process was the foundation upon which the british iron industry was to expand. other processes were developed to improve the quality of iron production.
- Explains how cort devised the puddling process, which made it possible to manufacture purer iron than before using coke furnaces.
- Explains that british steel production reached over 2 million tons by 1880, but there were a few problems, which did not assist the making of the industrial revolution.
- Explains that raw materials existed, serious technical problems had to be overcome before they could be extracted from ground, and they weren't always where they were most needed.
- Explains that even if these raw materials were to be transported, it would be difficult as at that time transport was a slow and expensive process.
- Explains that the industrial revolution was a combination of causes, not just one. britain's farmers produced more food.
- Explains that farmers were keen to produce as much food as possible, so they changed their farming methods to increase their produce. these changes included inventions of new machines.
- Explains that farmers and landowners invested in transport, such as canals, to increase their land yield, but not all were open-minded and tried to stop industry development in their area.
- Opines that the industrial revolution was a combination of causes and not just one cause.
- Explains that britain's empire and overseas trade growth contributed to the industrial revolution. it was so large that the british government had to use the army and navy to take over land.
- Explains that new zealand, canada, egypt, nigeria, india, and hong kong were part of the empire. the large empire brought trading benefits to britain.
- Explains that cotton from america was used in the textiles industry to produce cloth and a humongous new market was created for british goods overseas.
- Argues that even though the british empire and overseas trade brought several advantages, historians still are against this factor helping to cause the industrial revolution.
- Explains that the industrial revolution was a group of interrelated changes, not just one so even though the money, which was to be spent on britain's industry, was not always it does not matter.
- Explains how turnpike companies changed tolls for the use of roads, but travel for most people remained difficult and dangerous. one solution was to make more rivers navigable and construct a canal network, which linked industrial areas with ports and cities.
- Explains that brindley's goal was to create a "grand cross" scheme, which would link the four great ports of london, bristol, liverpool and hull.
- Explains that the pottery industry flourished with the use of canals to transport its fragile finished product.
- Explains the impact of the railways on the 19th century britain was so great that the period was known as the "railway age".
- Explains how railways created a social revolution, enabling the middle class to move out of town centers and visit new holiday resorts.
- Explains the two main queries raised by the improved transport of raw materials and manufactured goods.
- Explains that many landowners opposed improvements in transport if the routes ran across their land. industrial developments began well before the great improvements.
- Opines that the industrial revolution was the result of new ideas and inventions in industry.
- Explains that richard arkwight was successful in building an invention. his invention meant he put money backing the industry and assisted in its growth.
- Explains that even though some inventors were unsuccessful, the inventions that did work ensured that the industrial revolution still benefited from them.
- Explains that britain's growing population was fed, which meant farming was better and the benefits and profits were put back into the industry.
- Explains that the improvement in transport enabled raw materials to be used in britain's industry. farming is linked with new inventions, such as the seed drill.
- Explains that the machine enabled farmers to sow seeds in straight rows, rather than throwing them over the ground by hand. after 1750, britain had the world's first industrial revolution.
- Explains how population rose from 7million to 37million, creating huge industrial cities like manchester, with thousands of factories, millions of terraces, water supplies, sewerage, schools, and churches. farmers produced enough food to feed the cities using fewer workers.
- Concludes that the two most important causes of the industrial revolution were britain's population growth and the new ideas and inventions in industry.
- Explains that population increase was one of the major causes for the industrial revolution, because britain's population provided cheap labor to work in the factories.
2752 wordsRead More - The Industrial Revolutionexplanatory essayAmericans faced many hardships during the turn of the century. As our Nation was adjusting to the new technological advances they were making during the Industrial Revolution, it seems that some people were simply looked over in this new “rat race”. There were many problems that accompanied the new century, perhaps one of the largest though, was the expansion and dominance of big businesses. As though it may seem that large businesses may be a good thing, because of our dependence on them today, we simply weren’t ready for them a hundred years ago. Many big businesses had created monopolies, used Taylorism, and caused what was called a boom bust economy. These three events also forced many people to try and resolve these problems associated with the tremendous rise of big business.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that americans faced many hardships during the turn of the century, including the expansion and dominance of big businesses.
- Explains that many businesses created large monopolies, meaning that all markets are dominated by one or two firms. by 1900, approximately 98% of the oil industry was owned by standard oil company.
- Explains taylorism, which facilitated unskilled labor by copying what skilled labors knew and breaking it down into small simple jobs that anyone can do, much like an assembly line.
- Explains that taylorism, also known as scientific management, created what was called a boom bust economy. the market didn't always need these products as quickly as they were developed.
- Narrates how progressive movements began to fight for workers' rights. they investigated their problems, organized private groups, and sought government assistance.
- Explains that roosevelt wanted to fight for reform if not just for the people than the self-preservation of the nation. his objectives were to balance productivity, create public safety, and commence federal authority.
- Explains that at the turn of the century, people had tremendous tribulations to conquer. today, they can enjoy better working conditions, better pay, and the indisputable protection of their rights.
777 wordsRead More - The Industrial Revolutionexplanatory essayThe Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution may be defined as the application of power-driven machinery to manufacturing. It had its beginning in remote times, and is still continuing in some places. In the eighteenth century all of western Europe began to industrialize rapidly, but in England the process was most highly accelerated. England's head start may be attributed to the emergence of a number of simultaneous factors.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that birds and wind can't reach the ground below the surface.
- Describes how he put steam in the end of a pump handle.
- Explains that a storm could arrive and depart under its own power.
- Opines that by the end of the century, the same was true of cities.
2376 wordsRead More - The Industrial Revolutionexplanatory essayPeter Stearns claims that the industrial revolution was an intensely human experience. What initially arose as scientific advancements in metallurgy and machine building, the industrial revolution period saw a redefinition of life as a whole. As industry changed, human life began to adapt. Work life was drastically changed which, in turn, resulted in family life being affected. As is human nature, major change was met with great resistant. Ultimately, the most successful people during the transition were those that adapted quickly.
In this essay, the author
- Explains peter stearns' claim that the industrial revolution was an intensely human experience. as industry changed, human life began to adapt.
- Explains that the industrial revolution is often mistakenly thought of simply as a time when science was becoming more organized and resulted in the production of new machinery.
- Explains that the industrial revolution was marked by a shift of power. human and animal muscle was the driving force behind all forms of production.
- Explains that education became increasingly important as a result of the shift of power and the new role undertaken by human labor.
- Explains that industrialization led to the creation of the factory system and the formation of cities as large numbers of people sought work in the factories.
- Explains that the industrial period home life was changed significantly. the rate of marriage increased as more people could support a family and marriage itself offered advantages.
- Explains that the industrial revolution dissociated children from productive labor. education was seen as more important than making a contribution economically.
- Analyzes how the redefinition of childhood had a big impact on the family. fathers and their children were separated by the long work days and parents had to reconsider how many children to have.
- Explains that the industrial revolution also spurred change in government policy. governments provided more public schooling along with technical schools to enhance the skills of experts.
- Explains that the industrial revolution is rooted in materialism, as was the neolithic revolution. purveying interest in secular culture over religious culture led to religious extremism.
- Explains that the middle class threatened the prestige of the aristocratic society.
- Explains that protest marked the industrial revolution. poor working conditions and low wages resulted in the first strikes, or refusals to work. strike movements eventually became calls for larger organizational movements.
- Explains that the industrial revolution was a time of hardship for the majority of the population. the increase in production and human capital counter-balanced adequately.
- Explains that the industrial revolution was a time period of great change, characterized by advancements in production, but the real revolution occurred in human life.
996 wordsRead More - The Industrial Revolutionanalytical essayThe Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution, the shift, at different times in different countries, from a traditional agriculturally based economy to one based on the mechanized production of manufactured goods in large-scale enterprises. The British Experience: The first Industrial Revolution occurred in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century; it profoundly altered Britain's economy and society. The most immediate changes were in the nature of production: what was produced, as well as where and how. Labor was transferred from the production of primary products to the production of manufactured goods and services. Far more manufactured goods were produced than ever before, and technical efficiency rose dramatically.
In this essay, the author
- Describes the industrial revolution as the shift from an agriculturally based economy to a mechanized production of manufactured goods in large-scale enterprises.
- Explains that the industrial revolution involved urbanization, the process of migration from rural to urban communities, and changes in the organization of work. the typical enterprise expanded and took on new characteristics.
- Explains that industrial production became heavily dependent upon capital-equipment produced for the express purpose of increasing efficiency. the growth of specialization and the application of capital created new classes.
- Explains that new social and vocational classes emerged that were distinguished from workers by virtue of their ownership or control of the physical means of production. they became known as capitalists.
- Explains that the first industrial revolution occurred in great britain. the export market provided an indispensable outlet for the products of the textile and other industries.
- Explains that scholars generally agree that the industrial revolution occurred in france, belgium, germany, and the united states about the middle of the 19th century; in sweden and japan toward the end
- Explains that british industry had no foreign competitors that utilized the same methods and exported on a large scale. when other countries began to industrialize, they had to contend with britain's head start, but also learned from the british example.
- Explains that successful industrialization involved the development of new methods of production and the modification of techniques used abroad in order to apply them successfully to the country's conditions.
- Analyzes how industrialization has affected the environment by pollution and waste dumping. newark nj is a prime example.
647 wordsRead More - The Industrial Revolutionanalytical essayThis time period is quite an exciting period to be studying the Industrial Revolution, because of the fact that there is another revolution going on in the workplace. Every time technology changes, everything around it changes, and it is an exponential process. Technology increases, and then, using the new technology, it increases even more. 20 years ago, people used filing cabinets, and a pencil and paper, but recently, with the invention of computers, all that has been turned into hard disks, and emails, and gigabytes. Before the Industrial Revolution, people were farmers, and life was pretty slow, but with inventions like the cotton gin, and the assembly line, mass production evolved. Mass production is when companies can “pump” out the same product at a very efficient and inexpensive rate. The assembly line was one of these methods. An item would be sent down a treadmill, and at each point, there would be someone to work on one aspect of it. One person would punch a hole, and the next person would put in a screw, and so on, down the line, until the item was complete. This began something called division of labor. This was when people would repeat the same task over and over again, such as in an assembly line. This was very repetitive, and quite boring.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the industrial revolution is an exciting period to study, because technology changes, and then, using the new technology, it increases even more.
- Explains that england was ideal for the industrial revolution. it had lots of natural resources, and a large population. the revolution spread to western europe and even the americas.
- Analyzes how the industrial revolution in britain changed the working conditions and the relationship between working and middle classes.
- Explains that the strong middle class was part of the marked change that occurred during the industrial revolution in britain. the protest towards bosses led to the formation of unions.
- Explains how the industrial revolution affected the whole stability of a nation, not only the economy, but also the relationships between classes and countries.
657 wordsRead More - The Industrial Revolutionexplanatory essayThe industrial revolution The industrial revolution began around the year 1760 and carried on until about 1820 to 1840. The industrial revolution gave birth to many inventions such as medicine transport and even agricultural machinery, but one of the most important inventions was the steam engine. How the steam engine changed the world The steam engine changed the world by overcoming the limits of men and horses. The steam engine is what has been called the driving force behind the industrial revolution, and allowed humans to have the power of steam and to allow machines to do the most work and allow factories to reach a speed of production that had never been seen before in the 18th century.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the industrial revolution began around 1760 and carried on until about 1820 to 1840. it gave birth to many inventions such as medicine transport and even agricultural machinery.
- Explains that the steam engine changed the world by overcoming the limits of men and horses. it allowed humans to have the power of steam and allowed machines to do the most work.
- Explains how the steam engine changed people's lives and made life easier by cutting the workload of people. many goods could be produced with less labour and more spare time.
- Explains that the invention of the steam engine was important in many aspects of life. it was used in britain's coal mines, for work, transport, and toys.
- Explains that thomas savery, thomas newcomen, and james watt invented the steam engine.
- Explains that the steam engine was first patented by thomas savery on the third if june 1998 and only fourteen years later thomas newcomen produced the first self-acting steam.
- Explains that after the creation of the first steam engine people moved away from agricultural jobs and started working in large factories because steam power allowed the factories to be built almost anywhere.
- Opines that the steam engine is still used for small amounts of electricity and for old-fashioned trains in european countries.
- Explains that the steam engine was used for many things during and after the industrial revolution such as pumping water out of the mines so the miners could work faster and more productively.
696 wordsRead More - The Industrial Revolutionexplanatory essayThe Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution had transformed the economic and social structure of Europe. Europe shifted from a traditional, labor-intensive economy that was manly based on farming and handicraft to a more capital-intensive economy based on manufacturing with machines, specialized labor, and industrial factories. This revolution had changed Europeans, their society, and their relationship with other countries. The development of large factories forced people to move from the countryside to the urban areas.
In this essay, the author
- Narrates how they began at five and gave over at nine, at 5 in the morning.
- Explains that when the bell rings for the people to go home, no one is allowed to stay.
- Explains that no workers are allowed to leave before the bell. if done so, they must pay a remuneration.
- Explains that if late for work constantly it will lead to dismissal, same goes for late form.
- Explains that if entered by any other way than the gateway, they will be fined on 1st.
- Opines that if done working on a piece it must be handed to the foreman in order to complete it.
- Explains how the industrial revolution transformed the economic and social structure of europe. the development of large factories forced people to move from the countryside to urban areas.
- Explains that in the mines, they couldn't use boys under the age of 10 because they would need boys that would be a bit strong. factories had rules and had to be obeyed.
- Explains that the doorkeeper locks the doors in the morning and after break time so as not let the people in if late.
- Explains that the chartists complained about their living conditions, their unsanitary villages, and their working conditions.
1143 wordsRead More - The Importance Of The Industrial Revolutionanalytical essayDuring the decades following 1760 England made a very large shift toward industrialization that many historians consider to be a very clear take off (or turning point) that contrasts greatly with how the country was as a society before industrialization, it is important to note that it has been uncovered that the “take off” refers to the contrast but not the speed at which the revolution occurred. Making great advancements in technology, England went from largely agrarian to very much industrialized within the course of several years. At the same time in history France, having gone recently through it’s own revolution, becoming the world center for ideas and culture under a social revolution just finishing the great period known as the Enlightenment and subsequently before that the scientific revolution that took place in France; many historians wonder why it was England and not France that was the first to adapt and assimilate the technological and societal advances of
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how england made a shift toward industrialization during the decades following 1760, which contrasts greatly with how the country was before industrialized. the essay aims to seek out the antecedents and factors in place before the industrial revolutions.
- Explains that the country remained an agrarian society during the technological advances in france. while england and france had large coal deposits and methods of accessing them quite easily, the main difference between the two countries was due to geographical size.
- Analyzes how many countries, including france, took away a large number of resources that england was able to defend and remove itself from the effects of the napoleonic wars.
- Analyzes how the invention of arkwright's water frame and carding engine revolutionized the spinning of cotton and coal.
1203 wordsRead More - Industrial Revolutionexplanatory essayThe Industrial revolution began in the early 1800s. The industrial revolution could not have happened if the agricultural revolution had not preceded it. During the Agricultural Revolution several inventions that reduced the need for man power were invented. Two of those inventions were the Jethro Tull seeding drill and the cotton gin.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the industrial revolution began in the early 1800s. during the agricultural revolution several inventions that reduced the need for man power wereinvented.
- Explains that the cotton gin was invented in 1793 by eliwhitney, which took the seeds out of cotton. crop rotation was switching the crops into different fields each year.
- Explains that during the agricultural revolution population went up and less people were needed to work on the farms, so the people turned to the cities looking for jobs.
- Explains how the city of manchester grew from 50,000 people to 500,00 people during an extremely short period. the united kingdom became the place where the industrial revolution was born.
- Explains that even though the factories provided jobs for the people, they were not good jobs. the average work day was 14-16 hours.
- Explains that the work days were long and people were deformed and had problems with their legs. despite all the hard labor and dangers, the workers were paid next to nothing.
- Explains that unions and legislative reforms helped improve working conditions because they regulated and limited several things like how old you had to be before you could work.
- Explains that the government made sure that factories were safe for people to work in so that people did not get hurt by machines so often. horace mann made public education free.
- Describes the positive effects of all these factories. people began to dress better than they had before and owned more possessions because the machines were able to make things that they wanted inlarger quantities.
- Explains that laissez faire translates to "let do" and free trade was allowed. adam smith's ideas became the basis for capitalism.
- Explains capitalism was an economic system in which money was invested in business ventures with the goal of making a profit. the laissez faire economists believed that government controls would ruin the economy.
- Explains marx's view that owners were the "haves" because they had money, while workers were not. marx saw history as a class warfare and an overflow of the working class.
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