One of the most intriguing topics to do scientific research on is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair. Upon doing more research on DNA repair, one can realize that DNA repair is a very complex and interesting topic. DNA repair is a series of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. DNA damage can be caused by certain wavelengths of radiation, such as ionizing radiation and ultraviolet rays, highly-reactive oxygen radicals produced during cellular respiration and other biochemical pathways, and chemicals in the environment and those used in chemotherapy to treat cancer. As a result of this damage, the cell initiates the repair of its DNA molecules. Bacterial proteins help with the DNA …show more content…
Different proteins displace RNA polymerase stalled on a DNA section and coordinate the assembly of a multi-enzyme complex in E. coli, called UvrAB(C) (Fan et al., 2016). This journal article also states that as a result of scientists taking videos on how the DNA repair process using bacterial proteins work, scientists have concluded that UvrAB(C) can help facilitate the DNA repair process. Therefore, bacterial proteins play a major role in the DNA repair process and are very beneficial. By doing more research on bacterial proteins that help in the DNA repair process, scientists can hopefully find new ways to treat and cure genetic …show more content…
As a result of oxidative stress, or an imbalance in the body between the production of radicals and the ability of the body to counteract and detoxify their harmful effects through neutralization by antioxidants, an enzyme called JNK phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group, to an enzyme called Sirtuin-6 (Van Meter et al., 2016). It does so by recruiting an enzyme called PARP1 to DNA breaks, or the places where the DNA damage occurs (Van Meter et al., 2016). Researchers also state that the activation of SIRT6 in mammals can delay the onset and even potentially reversing the pathology of multiple age-related diseases in mammals (Van Meter et al., 2016). If scientists do more research on DNA double-strand break repair, they can hopefully discover new ways on how double-strand break repair plays a role in the repair of damaged DNA molecules. By doing so, scientists can also find new ways to treat and cure genetic
After an organism absorbs sulforaphane, it begins to help the organism's body in a number of ways. This molecule is an antioxidant, has anti-aging properties, detoxifies the human body, and most notably, is used in the treatment of cancer. In a UCLA clinical trial, doctors found that due to the work of sulforaphane and Phase II enzyme RNA, cellular oxidative stress went through major shutdown; this in turn lead to the disarmament of asthma. "Several studies have analyzed the biological and molecular mechanisms of the anti-cancer activity of synthetic R,S-sulforaphane, which is thought to be a result of its antioxidant properties and its ability to inhibit histone deacetylase enzymes" (Marc A. Riedl, Andrew Saxon, and David Diaz-Sanchez 2011, April 6). Moreover, it has been concluded that sulforaphane can help fight aging by stopping the oxidation of free radicals. Although free radicals will always be absorbed, sulforaphane is one known molecule that can deplete the amount present in humans. Sulforaphane
. DNA can be left or collected from the hair, saliva, blood, mucus, semen, urine, fecal matter, and even the bones. DNA analysis has been the most recent technique employed by the forensic science community to identify a suspect or victim since the use of fingerprinting. Moreover, since the introduction of this new technique it has been a large number of individuals released or convicted of crimes based on DNA left at the crime sceneDNA is the abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is the genetic material found in cells of all living organisms. Human beings contain approximately one trillion cells (Aronson 9). DNA is a long strand in the shape of a double helix made up of small building blocks (Riley). There are four types of building
AGEs alter the mechanical properties of cells and tissues by crosslinking intracellular and extracellular proteins. They also bind to cell surface receptors called receptor for AGEs (RAGE), thus interrupting various cellular processes. Through laboratory experiments, scientists have shown that glycation of mitochondrial proteins, lipids and DNA may induce mitochondrial dysfunction due to a decrease in ATP production and increased free radical formation. The mitochondria are specialized...
Inside the nucleus of our cells, our genes are on double-stranded molecules of DNA called chromosomes. At the top and bottom of the chromosomes are fragments of DNA known as Telomeres which defend our genes, give us the ability for our cells to divide, and hold secrets to how we age and how we get cancer. Telomeres are like the ends of shoelaces (because they keep the chromosomes’ ends from fraying). But when a cell divides, the Telomere gets smaller and shorter. When they get too short, the cell can’t divide. The Telomeres then become “senescent” or inactive. This shortening is linked with aging, cancer, and death-risk. Telomeres should also be compared to a bomb fuse. Without Telomeres, the main part of the chromosome would get smaller whenever the cell divides. This can cause a malfunction or cancer. An enzyme named telomerase adds bases to the ends of Telomeres. In young cells, telomerase keeps Telomeres from wearing down too much. But as cells divide repeatedly, there is not enough telomerase, so the Telomeres grow shorter and the cells age. Telomerase remains active in sperm and eggs, which are passed from one generation to the next. If reproductive cells did not have telomerase to maintain the length of their Telomeres, any organism with such cells would soon go extinct.
High oxidative a stress is known to cause global cellular damage by creating reactive oxygen species (ROS) which causes damage to proteins, lipids and DNA (15, 82). Oxidative stress increases protein phosphorylation, causing changes to signaling pathways. For example, several phosphatases involved in cancer, apoptosis and aging are inactivated under conditions of high oxidative stress (26). ROS is a known contributor to several diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, kidney disease, and T2DM (25, 27, 105). Known mediators of oxidative stress include transition metals and mitochondrial dysfunction (15, 27). In this project, I will be studying how cellular iron regulation causes an increase in oxidative stress, contributing to cellular damage and disease. Aconitase is an important mediator of oxidative stress, metabolism and iron regulation.
Cancer has been an active concern in our society for the past couple decades, since we truly discovered the nature of cancer and the potency it brings along with it. However, it was not until the mid-20th century that scientists were beginning to truly understand the origin of cancer. Scientists dating back all the way to the Renaissance, when they first began performing autopsies to learn more about the human body and form, noticed abnormalities but it never clicked that it was something much worse than it seemed. Research has continued since then, and it has continued to thrive even to this day. When James Watson and Francis Crick discovered DNA and it’s chemical structure in 1962, it opened up doors that even they could not expect. With the understanding of DNA and how it affected the way we look at life, came the beginning of the understanding of mutated DNA (which is a cause of the growth of cancerous cells). In this past century, researching scientists discovered that cancer is linked with the DNA that resides in a cell’s nucleus. By ways of damage to the cells via chemicals or radiation, or even introduction of a new DNA, the cancerous cells begin to form and duplicate. We are learning more and more about cancer and how to fight it, but we still have much more to learn.
Long after Shelley wrote her classic masterpiece Frankenstein and Huxley wrote Brave New World, the ethical controversy of cloning conflicts with modern artificial intelligence research. The question that challenges the idea of negative or positive behavior in a replicated machine relies on its similarity to the source of the clone, whether it emulates human behavior or acts as a “superintelligence” with supernatural characteristics void of human error. Humanity will not know the absolute answers concerning behavioral outcome without creating a physical being, an idea portrayed in Shelley’s Frankenstein in which the creation of a monster emulates from his creator’s attempts to generate life. At the time of the novel’s publication, the idea of replicating a soul portrayed a nightmarish theme with little consideration for the potential scientific advancements to facilitate in reality. It lead the genetic idea of manmade intelligence and its ethics emerging from the relativity of space, time, and original life on the planet. The debate of the existing possibility of sentient machines continues to progress, but the consideration of ethical questions such as “Should we create these artificial people?” and “How does this enactment define the soul and mind?” warranted from primitive questions about machine learning within the last century. After the initial proof of possibility for sentient machines, the perfection of cloning will generate “good” behavior at its perfect state several generations from now. The perfect machine portrays the potential for sensible human behaviors including compassion, mentality, empathy, alertness, and love. Humanity of the twenty-first century possesses the knowledge to fantasize the idea of artificial ...
...spite benefits of the technique , that protocol cannot be used for other purposes such as PCR , because of presence of high amount of DMSO (7).DNA ladder assay is an easily available method and seems to be very useful for quick screening of apoptotic changes in cell populations. This method allows working with cell lysates and does not require any special laboratory equipment(10).The present study results showed that this DNA ladder assay used here, is a useful method for evaluating DNA damage and fragmentation caused by apoptotic agents , drugs , food additives and etc.
Another study proposed that CR slowed aging process by increasing resistance to hyperoxidation. As aging progressed in yeast and other animals, the presence of free radicals increased in the cells. Usually, the levels of the...
Tim was diagnosed with a rare and deadly disease this morning. He is only five years old with the rest of his life ahead of him. It isn't his fault that he received this disease or even his parents'. This disease comes out in anyone's body that has a defected gene. The disease has made Tim live in a sanitized bubble the last year because of the fear that he might catch any common bug and die. He has severe combined immunodeficiency, or SCID. The disease lacks a gene in charge of the body's immune system called adenosine deaminase. Tim could be helped through a process called gene therapy, but he won't because there is too much debate on the ethnicity of gene therapy; too much even to save his life.
On the other hand, cells that have resistance from the start or acquire it later may survive. At the same time, when antibiotics attack disease-causing bacteria, they also attack benign bacteria. This process eliminates drug-susceptible bacteria and favors bacteria that are resistant. Two things happen, populations of non-resistant and harmless bacteria are diminished, and because of the reduction of competition from these harmless and/or susceptible bacteria, resistant forms of disease-causing bacteria proliferate. As the resistant forms of the bacteria proliferate, there is more opportunity for genetic or chromosomal mutation (spontaneous DNA mutation (1)) or transformation, that comes about either through a form of microbial sex (1) or through the transference of plasmids, small circles of DNA (1), which allow bacteria to interchange genes with ease.
This fatal condition is caused by a mutation in a gene called LMNA( Lamin-A). This gene produces a protein (Lamin-A protein) which is a foundational scaffolding that keeps the nucleus of a cell together. It is said by scientific researchers that the defective Lamin-A protein makes the nucleus unstable. This cellular instability consequently leads to the process of premature aging. (foundation, 2014)
The Benefits of Human Cloning In recent years, many new breakthroughs in the areas of science and technology have been discovered. A lot of these discoveries have been beneficial to the scientific community and to the people of the world. One of the newest breakthroughs is the ability to clone. Ever since Ian Wilmut and his co-workers completed the successful cloning of an adult sheep named Dolly, there has been an ongoing debate on whether it is right or wrong to continue the research of cloning (Burley).
Discoveries in DNA, cell biology, evolution, and biotechnology have been among the major achievements in biology over the past 200 years, with accelerated discoveries and insight’s over the last 50 years. Consider the progress we have made in these areas of human knowledge. Present at least three of the discoveries you find to be the most important and describe their significance to society, health, and the culture of modern life. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a self-replicating molecule or material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent in chromosomes. It encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses.
Thymine: Combining with Adenine this nucleobase is often replaces with uracil in RNA. It is also the common cause of mutations in DNA. When in the presence of ultraviolet light, radiation causes alterations in the DNA molecule that inhibit normal...