introduced a new field of computing called Mobile Computing. Mobile Computing provides Human-Computer Interaction which enables the mobile devices or the portable computers to connect wirelessly to the networked communication even while the user is mobile[1]. It also enables people to access network services any place, anytime and anywhere. In Mobile Computing, the mobile devices use centrally located information and application software through the set of distributed computing systems via mobile communication standards and protocols [2]. 1.1 Advantages of Mobile Computing[3] • Improving the data collection process • Improving data accuracy • Enforcing collection of more useful information • Reducing administrative costs, billing errors and data backlog • Allowing faster adaptation to changing business conditions. 1.2 Limitations of Mobile Computing[3] • Resource Constraints- Battery • …show more content…
GPS Segments To understand the working of GPS, it is necessary to know the three Segments of GPS [6]. 1. Space Segment- It consists of 24 satellites orbiting 12,000 nautical miles above the earth. 2. Control Segment- It consists of 5 ground stations around the globe that manage the operational health of the satellites by transmitting orbital corrections and clock updates. 3. User Segment- It consists of the users and their GPS receivers.GPS receivers collects the information transmitted from the satellites, decodes and uses triangulation to calculate a user’s exact location. Next, when a GPS receiver is first turned on, it receives the orbit information from all the satellites called an almanac. For the first time, this process takes 12 minutes, but once this information is received, it is stored in the GPS receiver’s memory for future use. Then the receiver determines the distance from each satellite's signals by the distance formula: Distance=velocity X time Here, Velocity = speed of a radio wave=186,000miles/s Time= Time taken for a signal to reach the
Now that we’ve made our way through the journey of Ken Jennings’ incredible book I feel as if it’s important for me to try to sway you to become more involved in geography. It’s a truly fascinating subject and can take you places you never thought you could ever visit. If you don’t want to leave your home, at least buy an atlas, map, or visit Google Earth. You never know what you could discover in your journey. If you don’t think maps or an atlas is your thing, you never know if you never try. Jennings created a journey, for me I would have never cared to take had it not been assigned as a college class assignment, but now I’m so glad I did. Jennings shined a different light on geocaching, and map hunting. He made it fun, interesting, and overall thrilling.
The space-based global navigation satellite system that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth with sub-meter accuracy is called Global Positioning System (GPS) [1]. It consists of a constellation of 28 satellites in six different orbits which give the information of the position of the user with sub meter accuracy [3]. If there are four or more GPS satellites in unobstructed line of sight with the receiver, accurate spatial co-ordinates can be obtained [2]. The datum obtained from the satellites, contain the information about the position and timing by calculating the the Keplerian orbit elements. The location information from GPS is based on the choice of coordinate system and datum [3]. The coordinate systems that are mostly used in GPS are Wor...
...per day. On the other hand, Einstein’s theory of General Relativity basically says that clocks closer to a large mass will seem to slow down in comparison to those that are isolated in space. As a result, the clocks down here on earth will tick faster than those that are further away. And in this case satellites are found to be around 24,000 km above the Earth which means that clocks found inside the satellites would be ahead of ours by about 45 microseconds a day. With some basic mathematics, we can calculate 45 and subtract 7 to get the magic number of 38, which is the time satellite clocks get ahead of ours each day. To offset this natural error, engineers slow down the ticking frequency of the atomic clocks placed on satellites before they are set to orbit. Satellites literally time travel so that we can find our ways to the nearest gas station when we are lost.
The invention of the GPS started with Dr. Ivan Getting leaving his position at Raytheon Company, and armed with the knowledge of what was at the time the most advanced navigational technology in the world, they began developing the Global Positioning System. He, Roger L. Easton, and Bradford Parkison began in the 60’s with a constellation of 24 satellites (placed in six orbital planes) orbiting the earth at a very high altitude (about
The tags include a microprocessor, UHF transceiver, sensor interface, and long life battery. Various sensors inputs and/or outputs are integrated depending on the application, and an integrated GPS receiver is optional. an Earth station where signal analysis proved that A... ... middle of paper ... ...was pinched under a standoff. The harness was replaced and the GPS receiver was re- integrated to the tray.
This entire struggle to get to our destination has changed during the past years. Now it’s much easier to find places with the new navigation system, it was created to help people drive and get faster to their destination. The global positioning system (GPS) is
...regarded GPS – an indispensable part of GIS. Discussions on cartographic principles, commercial GIS software programs, satellite images, aerial photos, and geodatabases are some of the other conspicuous omissions in this book. There is an inconsistency in the depth of topics explored; for example map projections are explored in great depth, while vector topology is merely glossed over. These omissions and inconsistencies would in my opinion make this book marginally less beneficial to all the three audiences together. However, there is something for all them; structure for engineers, equations for engineers and students, and GIS concepts for students, engineers and users. This book will therefore be undeniably valuable if used to complement the material in some of the other fundamental GIS books in the discipline. It has merits, but there is room for improvement.
The following is a brief illustration of the principles of GPS. For more information see previous chapter. The Global positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-base navigation system that provides a user with proper equipment access to positioning information. The most commonly used approaches for GPS positioning are the Iterative Least Square (ILS) and the Kalman Filter (EKF) methods. Both of them are based on psuedorange equation:
with a digital map, who shows the position of the car. Based on the position of
The GPS is sensing knowledge to help with navigation with the car and destinations. Autonomous cars are not yet available on a large scale of the world such as out of the United States of America, but have been programmed and developed to travel along the roads of America. Most autonomous cars are programmed only for American roads, we have made a big step towards the future with autonomous cars, with them being only available mainly in America, they are a luxury. They are making their way to larger scale autopilot features, and will eventually be available on a larger scale.(Ali
There was a time a person would use a roadmap to get from one location to another. Some also would stop and ask for directions. Today, you seldom see paper maps and people stopping at a local gas station for directions. Many vehicles come with a navigation system that provides a real-time map of the vehicle’s current location as well as systematic directions to requested destination.
The Wireless Markup Language (WML) is used to create pages that can be delivered using WAP. WML is a language that allows the text portions of Web pages to be presented on cellular telephones and personal digital assistants (PDAs) via wireless access. WML is part of the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) that is being proposed by several vendors to standards bodies. The Wireless Application Protocol works on top of standard data link protocols, such as Global System for Mobile communication, code-division multiple access, and Time Division Multiple Access, and provides a complete set of network communication programs comparable to and supportive of the Internet set of
GPS is a system of satellites radio-transmitters that orbit the planet in great numbers; their purpose is to be able to pinpoint the exact location of an individual or any type of vessel that is equipped with a receiver transmitter within a very small radius. GPS navigation has had a great impact upon society in general as well and its commercial and military applications. Global Positioning is made available at no cost to anyone who has a GPS receiver unit anywhere on the planet. A GPS unit is able to give the user longitude/latitude information as well as, altitude, traveling speed, distance traveled, distance remaining and time in any type of weather conditions imaginable.
Mobile usage has proliferated in recent years. Areas all over the world have enjoyed the rapid development and high penetration of mobile devices. This popular trend has developed for so many reasons and has a lot to say about us.
One of the latest advancements in wireless data. It is used in GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) for transferring data in packets.