CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background study
In this era of globalization, disposal of industrial waste is a great problem for the world’s population. Effluent from industries such as textile industry will result in water pollution, continuously spreading critical diseases. The World Bank estimates that 17 to 20 percent of industrial water pollution comes from textile dyeing and treatment. Textile industry and its dye-containing wastewater are not only undesirable for its colour, but the breakdown of the products also release toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic substances that threaten human’s health (Suteu D. et al., 2010). Zaharia Carmen and Suteu Daniela (2012) state that, only 10 to 25 percent of textile dyes lost during dyeing process whereas a total of 2 to 20 percent will be discharged directly as aqueous effluent in different environment component.
There are several method used in separating or eliminating industrial wastewater from water bodies. They are adsorption, chemical precipitation, coagulation-flocculation, ionic exchange and several others more. Adsorption is one of the effective methods with potential application in textile wastewater treatment. In this method, soluble organic dyes from wastewater will be attached to the highly porous surface of solid. Activated carbon, peat, coal ashes wood chips or wood sawdust can be used as adsorbent in adsorption process but activated carbon is believed to have the best efficiency (Zahari C. and Suteu D., 2012).
Even though activated carbon has the best efficiency, it is expensive and associated with intensive regeneration process. This difficulty has led to search for the use of cheap and efficient alternative materials such as rice husk, bamboo, sugarcane bagasse, ...
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...iments that will be conducted later, the following results are to be expected:
i. Activated carbon will be produced from sugarcane bagasse by optimizing acid used in impregnated method, in terms of type and concentration of acid. As in this study, sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid will be used later with concentration of 4%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. ii. From the properties study, the best activated carbon produced will be chosen as the best impregnation method (in terms of acid optimization). iii. From batch experiment, the best condition for activated carbon to remove textile wastewater will be chosen. The best condition for removing contaminants in wastewater will be known in terms of contact time, dosage and granular size of activated carbon used. iv. Activated carbon produced can treat textile wastewater and reduce water pollution worldwide, is to be expected.
Green washing: The disinformation disseminated by an organization so as to present an environmentally responsible public image. In order for big companies to stay on top of the market today, they are forced to think of advertising strategies to help their public image and advertise their product. Over the years the system has become very complex and also very questionable. Companies are willing to lie, change their logo, and sometimes even their company name just to keep their name and image clean in front of the public just to make sure that they are making their money. Green washing helps this by advertising to the public that they are environmentally supportive and responsible. Most people that are into buying “green products” do not even realize that the company they are buying from is green washing in some sort of way just so that they can attract attention to the public. Green washing companies may advertise that they are “eco-friendly”, but when it comes down to it, the facts hidden behind the curtains beg to differ. Just like in the green washing video we watched in class, the companies may look great compared to the worst companies, but that does not mean what they are doing is still productive for our environmental movement. One company that has been notorious for their green washing efforts for the past couple of decades is the Oil/energy company: British Petroleum a.k.a. Beyond Petroleum. They are one of the world’s largest leading oil companies who has also becoming a large energy supplying company with presence in petrochemicals, gas, and solar divisions. Over the past twenty years BP has been the cause of several deadly disasters in the oil business in the U.S. and around the world. Despite their green washing effor...
A mixture of 0.25 g crude dye, 5.0 ml of 15% Na2SO4 and 5 drops of concentrated H2SO4 was added into a beaker containing 150 ml of water and a magnetic stir bar. The solution was then boiled using a hot plate and the fabric was added to the dye bath. The fabric was allowed to stir for 5 minutes. Then it was removed and rinsed with water.
After analyzing all the alternatives, the most appropriate alternative would be alternative #1. Reasons, Soren Chemical can benefit the most out of all the options suggested...
The global market of maleic anhydride was around 4 billion USD in 2012 [3], with US market volume being around 225 million USD [1], and expected to grow up to around 6 billion USD by 2018 with 6.4% compound annual growth rate whereas the market share for the United states forecasted to surge to 300 million USD by 2020. As mentioned above, the global market volume is much higher compared to the United States, with Asia being the biggest consumer, around 60%, [4] and consequently establishing a plant in the United States with global target market will be ineffective. This is due to the high capital investments required to set up the plant and all the processing costs associated with it will be relative to the target market, United States, and production of the product for exporting purposes will be ineffective as it can hardly compete the global market in consideration to the consumption scale of the product. Unsaturated polyester resins was the biggest
Dyes in textile industries play an important role in giving colour to different fabrics. Colour strength of dyes is closely associated to narrow pH range which is maintained by using different buffer systems. pH above or below this narrow range will affect the colour imparting ability of different dyes.
Background: Waste water treatment plants are essential to communities of all sizes and must work efficiently. Waste water treatment plant primary priority and responsibility is the treatment of incoming sewage water by the removal of biological and chemical wastes so it can be treated and recycled for future use. There are many government agencies and standards set forth to govern and observe the successful treatment of sewage, such as the Department of Environmental Quality, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and the Clean Water Act of 1972. Compliance and constant monitoring of the treatment plant’s operations are important as they protect the surrounding community. A spill or backflow of sewage due to a complete system malfunction could potentially be detrimental to the environment and local community.
Low-impact materials include non-toxic, sustainably produced or recycled materials that require little energy to process. Three main areas of the home that call for much of the focus on low-impact materials include cabinetry, flooring, and countertops. Wheatboard, also called strawboard, is emerging as a great alternative to a traditional medium density particleboard. Straw is a byproduct of the harvesting process for barley and wheat, and American farmers who supply our country’s massive cereal industry produce an estimated 150 million tons of straw each year. Usually, the straw is burned, but new markets for wheatboard are giving farmers a second income. Bales of straw waste are finely ground, sorted and dried, bound with a resin, compressed into sheets, sanded, and cut to size. Along with the resin that occurs naturally when the straw is under pressure, hi...
2. Waste Couture: Environmental Impact of the Clothing Industry. From Environmental Health Perspective, Volume 115, Number 9.
...process adds from 10 to 15 percent to the price of the fabric, industries still save money because more products can be made in less time. Therefore increasing profits, as well as, reflecting the savings onto the consumers. Other advantages of ‘biostoning’ include, enzymes can be recycled, reduced strain on the industrial washing machines, shorter treatment times, and imperfections are significantly reduced, hence increasing productivity and efficiency. Consequently, this saves the environment by reducing water consumption and waste pollution. The elimination of pumice powder and dust creates a less intensive and safer working condition. However, one problem with biostoning was "back staining" this occurs when loosened dye particles redeposit onto the surface of the fabric, causing discoloration. Such setback can be immensely reduced by optimizing running conditions.
Biomass gasification is a process by which biofuel is produced. It has been used for over 180 years but in the last decades it has been reconsidered as an interesting technique due to the fact that oil supplies are decreasing. As mentioned before, gasification is a thermal process. Heat is added up in order to convert the organic mass to biofuel. The biomass usually undergoes drying, pyrolysis, partial oxidation and reduction. Nowadays the configurations used for gasification are three: fixed bed gasifier, fluidized bed gasifier and entrained bed gasifiers. The simplest configuration is the
Safe water and sanitation as a basic human right, household water treatment, rainwater harvesting ... and reports from Kyoto, Madagascar, Uzbekistan, Guinea and other countries around the world.
The most common way in which pharmaceutical waste gets into the environment is disposal through the drainage systems into the wastewater and surface waters. According to Nikolaou et al (2007), the wastewaters of hospitals and municipal buildings are the major contributors to the disposal of human pharmaceutical compounds. Additionally, veterinary pharmaceuticals get disposed into the environment and find themselves among the aquaculture, fields and run offs. The “main contamination pathways” for these drugs are said to be industrial and domestic disposal (Lawrence et al, 2005). Domestic waste is known to be the most consistent method of contamination because people are constantly flushing pills down their toilets or washing them down their sinks. On the contrary, industrial waste tends to be more accidentally disposed becau...
Improvement and upgrading of wastewater treatment processes and also the need to reduce the environmental factors make the use of tertiary wastewater treatment important.
One of the ways are to find a product which contains less toxic chemicals or make laundry detergents at home. Fragrance-free and no color fade detergents are generally less toxic. Homemade detergents would be a better option since it would avoid all the risky substances, and help keep your environment clean. Your clothes will also last longer since natural laundry detergents can wash your clothes and protect the colors from running or fading. You can make sure that our environment would be safe since the chemical found in homemade laundry detergents are less toxic so when it becomes one with the waste water and flows into the stream, it won’t cause too much harm to the aquatic
Water plays such an important role in our daily lives. 70% of our body is composed of water. 70% of the earth surface is also made up of water, but out of the 70%, only 1/3 of water is consumable. In fact, this amount has been continuously to decrease as more and more industries began to pollute and damage the water. For example, many toxic chemicals may be released into the water thus making the water impure. Such pollutions and damages lead the water to be contaminated and inconsumable as it may cause severe diseases. Water purification can remove all the unnecessary bacteria and viruses from the water that is hazardous for our health. Water purification may also improve the flavor and appearance of water. It removes the unpleasant odor. Therefore, water purification became one of the most useful and popular process used by people all over the world today. It is by far the most recommended and safest water treatment that is commonly used to purify damaged water into consumable water. Water purification provides us with safe, pure and clean water to consume and use.