Background Paper
This experiment examines deicers and their effect on local grasses such as Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea). More specifically, it looks at the chemical deicers, Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) and how they affect the growth of Tall Fescue. The variables in this experiment include the independent variable; the presence of deicers, and the dependent variable; how tall the grass grows. Tall Fescue is a very popular cool season grass. Tall Fescue’s ideal growing conditions include a soil temperature between 50° and 65° (daytime temperature between 60° and 75°), and clay soils, although it is easily adaptable to a wide range of soils (Tall Fescue, n.d). The best time of year to plant Tall Fescue grass is
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Calcium Chloride is ideal for snow removal because it can be used when temperatures are as low as -13° F and gets hot once it touches the pavement, which is why it is an instant melting solution (Riebel, 2014). Calcium Chloride is not only ideal for melting snow, but is also useful for fertilizer for plants since it contains micronutrients that allow plants to grow and develop. Calcium Chloride contains nutrients that are used in photosynthesis that plants get from the soil and helps plants strengthen and thicken their cell walls. If calcium chloride is not present, plants can have weak stems and flowers can shed off quickly (Miller n.d.). Calcium Chloride is also sprayed on fruit and trees to prevent calcium deficiency that causes diseases if not treated (Bogemans, Neirinckx, and Stassart, 1989). Overall, calcium chloride is very useful for snow removal, as well as plant growth and …show more content…
Hypothesis 1: If different de icing techniques are used, then calcium chloride will have a larger negative impact on the growth of Tall Fescue grass because it will toxify the grass when it is exposed to too much of the chemical.
Hypothesis 2: If different de icing techniques are used, then sodium chloride will have a larger negative impact on the growth of Tall Fescue grass because salt dehydrates plants.
Null Hypothesis: If different de icing techniques are used then there will be no statistically significant difference on the growth of Tall Fescue grass.
The purpose for this experiment was to determine why it was not possible to obtain a high percent yield when Calcium Nitrate Ca(〖NO_3)〗_2 with a concentration of 0.101 M was mixed with Potassium Iodate KIO_3 with concentration of 0.100 M at varying volumes yielding Calcium Iodate precipitate and Potassium Nitrate. Filtration was used to filter the precipitates of the solutions. The percent yield for solution 1 was 87.7%, and the percent yield for solution 2 was 70.8%. It was not possible to obtain a high percent yield because Calcium Iodate is not completely soluble and some of the precipitates might have been rinsed back to the filtrates when ethanol was used to remove water molecules in the precipitate.
At this point the identity of the unknown compound was hypothesized to be calcium nitrate. In order to test this hypothesis, both the unknown compound and known compound were reacted with five different compounds and the results of those reactions were compared. It was important to compare the known and unknown compounds quantitatively as well to ensure that they were indeed the same compound. This was accomplished by reacting them both with a third compound which would produce an insoluble salt that could be filte...
Common salt is necessary in everyday lives because it carries vital substances. It also has many uses, but is found to be used in food only one percent of the time (McGrath and Travers, 1999). It is used to clear ice and snow off of roads, during the production of chlorine, in livestock feeding, to preserve foods, and to improve the taste of some foods. (Aasen, et Al 1999).
With the addition of Natron as a herbicide to control weeds, there are concerns that the runoff could affect the growth of other plant life. The purpose of this lab is to test the toxicity of Natron as well as the max dosage that will still allow for beans to grow in the presence of the herbicide; We hope to find out the LD50, the toxicity in comparison to Anubis, as well as the germination rate of exposed the beans. We hypothesized that increased concentration of Natron would lead to a decrease in the germination rate. Our null hypothesis formulated that there would be no correlation between exposure and germination.
Going into details of the article, I realized that the necessary information needed to evaluate the experimental procedures were not included. However, when conducting an experiment, the independent and dependent variable are to be studied before giving a final conclusion.
Two members of the group were instructed to visit the laboratory each day of the experiment to water and measure the plants (Handout 1). The measurements that were preformed were to be precise and accurate by the group by organizing a standardized way to measure the plants. The plants were measured from the level of the soil, which was flat throughout all the cups, to the tip of the apical meristems. The leaves were not considered. The watering of the plants took place nearly everyday, except for the times the lab was closed. Respective of cup label, the appropriate drop of solution was added to the plant, at the very tip of the apical meristems.
We used wheatgrass were 40 wheatgrass seeds, two empty pots, soil, and water. We first added soil for both pots and 20 wheatgrass seeds in each pot. My partner and I decided that we label pot one experiment which is “sugar and water” and pot two control which is “water” only. The experiment was for almost four weeks we had to make sure both get the same room temperature and water, so we can see the results after this amount of time. Both pots had same room temperature so both can have the same amount of sunlight also, the same amount of water which is a glass of water from the sink once a week. In the experiment pot we added a glass of water with one teaspoon of sugar and the control pot glass of water. Every week we used to see both pots grow almost the same. At the end of the experiment, my partner and I measured the length for both plants and we recorded the average for each plant, so we can know the rate of growth
Nebel, Bernard J., and Richard T. Wright. Environmental Science. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.
During week 1 of this experiment, we recorded common components of fertilizers and then went on to find the chemical formulas involved in creating them. The second week we began the process of comparing three authentic ions we had established in the first week to ion samples to discover other properties they might contain. We decided to discover these different ingredients by preforming a serious of tests, which included placing 0.2g solid of both the authentic and the sample fertilizer separately, in order to establish a constant, and dissolved the fertilizer in 20 mL of water, then checked to see if Mg was present in the sample solution. By setting up a constant and preforming a methodical experiment all on the samples given, we demonstrated the ability to correctly establish and preform an experiment and solve the problem at hand, which was distinguishing the contents of the authentic
Ice structuring protein does not affect the quality of ice present at any given temperature but influences the size and shape of the ice crystals formed; crystals produced being rod shaped rather than usual round ones. Manufacture of ice cream and edible ices has the product mix entering the freezer at 5°C and extruded at nearly -6°C where approximately 60% of the final ice structure formed. Clarke et al., 2004 studied the ice crystal size distribution in ice cream as affected by ice structuring protein of winter wheat grass, before and after temperature abuse (cycling between -10°C and -20°C e...
Raven, Peter H., Linda R. Berg, and David M. Hassenzahl. "Wiley: Environment, 6th Edition." Wiley: Home. Web. 05 Feb. 2012. .
During the 17th century in England the introduction of short, grass lawns among wealthy landowners began. As wealthy immigrants came to America, they brought grass seeds with them to have their manicured grass lawns here. Manicured lawns soon became a symbol of wealth. By the 1950’s, owning a home with a green, grass lawn was not just for the wealthy, it became a symbol of The American Dream that the middle class strove towards. Today, a grass lawn is not only the norm, but many cities and towns throughout the country have even imposed regulations such as demands to keep lawns at a short height or face fines. As a matter of fact, a research group with NASA, lead by Cristina Milesi, estimates that there are at least 40 million acres of grass lawns in America being maintained. With this in mind, one must consider the environmental impact of the grass lawns. Not to mention, the environmental
Some forest management practices include fertilization. This can degrade water quality if nutrients are allowed to enter the stream system. Fertilization normally takes place at stand establishment as a site preparation technique. Because this is a time in the forest's life where ET is reduced and runoff is increased, the greatest risk of contamination is then. Fertilization is also accasionally applied in mid-rotation. Fertilizer applied during this time period is not likely to affect water quality.
cause a greater amount of evaporation from lakes, rivers, and oceans. In some areas this could be
The difference between treatments with and without fertilizer is that when fertilizer was added to the plants, all three species of plants grew bigger in same amount of time compare to the plants that did not receive the fertilizer. This is due to the fact fertilizer supplies plant nutrients that are essential to grow the plants. Using the p-value in the table, I can reject the null hypothesis except for 25 alfalfas with 25 oats since its mean values are higher than the fertilized 25 alfalfas with 25