Energy Conservation Lab
explanatory Essay
1207 words
Lab 4: Energy Conservation: Hot Stuff!! The purpose of this experiment is to try to find the original temperature of the hot water in the heater using the 60 degrees C thermometer. Use your 60°C thermometer, and any materials available in your laboratory, to determine the temperature of the water in the coffee pot. During this experiment we calculated the original temperature of a heater after it had been cooled down, and we did this by measuring hot, cold, and warm water, with a thermometer that had tape covering 60 degrees and up. When preformed each of these experiments with each temperature of water, plugging them into the equation (Delta)(Ti – hot – Tf) T Hot x Cp x Mass(Cold) = (Delta)(Tf – Ti – Cold) T Cold x Cp x Mass(Hot)(d …show more content…
In this essay, the author
- Explains how they calculated the original temperature of a heater by measuring hot, cold, and warm water, with tape covering 60 degrees and up. the lab gave them the skills to work well in the professional environment and to be conscious of the environment.
- Explains lab 5's 'molecular model building' experiment. the handout provided charts for us to record data on the number of valance electrons present in a molecule.
- Explains the purpose of lab 6: to determine the amount of heat liberated by a particular fuel by measuring the increase of the water temperature earner provided by the fuel.
- Describes how the first week of the experiment was a collaboration of ideas and planning that helped develop skills in leadership and problem solving.
- Explains the main purpose of the experiment, which was aimed at comparing authentic and sample ions.
- Explains the formulas used to measure the amount of different ions in a fertilizer sample by counting to preform tests. the begging of the experiment requested that the percentage of so4 be found.
- Describes how the energy content of fuels experiment focused mainly on the amount of heat liberated by a particular fuel contained in alcohol lamps, which stored absolute ethanol, butanol or kerosene.
During week 1 of this experiment, we recorded common components of fertilizers and then went on to find the chemical formulas involved in creating them. The second week we began the process of comparing three authentic ions we had established in the first week to ion samples to discover other properties they might contain. We decided to discover these different ingredients by preforming a serious of tests, which included placing 0.2g solid of both the authentic and the sample fertilizer separately, in order to establish a constant, and dissolved the fertilizer in 20 mL of water, then checked to see if Mg was present in the sample solution. By setting up a constant and preforming a methodical experiment all on the samples given, we demonstrated the ability to correctly establish and preform an experiment and solve the problem at hand, which was distinguishing the contents of the authentic …show more content…
We gauged the amount of mass that the fuel lost when raising the temperature of water 20 degrees C. Throughout the experiment we constantly worked with chemicals, boiling water, and liters, turning the Bunsen burners on and off. Because of this, each member of our group were carefully to wear goggles, gloves, a lab coat, and closed toed shoes, with pants down to the ankles. We also cautiously recalled the safety quiz with the locations for the shower and eye flusher in order to make sure we were prepared in case we required their use. Learning to remember these skills grew our knowledge and helped us be cautious for labs to come when working with dangerous
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- Borax Essaycomparative essay...particles could have been blown away while being transferred into the beaker. Also, reading the thermometer incorrectly could have resulted in experimental error. Recording the data collected at specific temperatures was a major part of the experiment to perform calculations to determine the enthalpy and entropy.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that sodium tetraborate decahydrate (also known as borax) is a chemical compound that is slightly soluble in cold water, but very hot water. the purpose of the experiment was to determine the thermodynamic quantities, enthalpy (h°) and the standardized
- Describes how the experiment required a 250 ml beaker filled with 75-85 mm of distilled water and 25-30 grams of borax to be weighed out using the electric analytical balance.
- Explains that the volume of hydrochloric acid is used to calculate the amount of moles in borate.
- Concludes that for every two moles hydrochloric acid there is one tetraborate ion needed. the molarity of the borate solution was calculated using the following equation.
- Explains the solubility product and ln(ksp) of the borate reaction.
- Explains how the natural log of the calculated solubility product (4) value was determined. table 2 displays all the data calculated using the above equations.
- Explains that microsoft excel was used to plot a graph of ln (k) versus 1/t and the equation of the line was found to be y=-18122+56.986.
- Explains the main objective of the experiment was to observe the effect that different temperatures have on borax’s solubility product.
- Recommends transferring the borax into a beaker at the balance station, adding less indicator, and swirling it to check for color change.
959 wordsRead More - During the experiment I will be taking a number of measurements, I will firstly take the initial temperature of the water and initial mass of the alcohol I will then burn the alcohol until an increase in temperature of 20oc has occurred in the water I will then reweigh the alcohol.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that they will investigate the difference in enthalpy of combustion for a number of alcohols.
- Explains that they plan to measure the enthalpy change by burning alcohol, using a spirit burner, and then use the heat produced during the combustion of the alcohol to heat 100ml of water.
- Explains that during the experiment, they will take a number of measurements, such as the initial temperature of the water and initial mass of alcohol. they will then burn the alcohol until an increase in temperature has occurred.
- Explains that they will need to repeat their experiment a number of times and take an average so they are sure of an accurate result.
- Explains that the calorimeter is held directly above the spirit burner by a retort stand and clamp, and the mercury thermometer, which is very accurate, will be used to measure the water temperature.
- Predicts that alcohols with a greater number of carbon atoms within the molecule will have higher enthalpy of combustion than those with less. bond breaking requires energy while bond making releases energy.
- Explains the balanced equation for the combustion of methanol. the type and number of bonds within each mole of reactants and products are shown.
- Explains that the total energy required to break the bonds in the reactants is 2807.5 dh/kj mol-1, and the difference between them and products is 524.5
- Explains that the energy released by the alcohol is only an approximation for the combustion of methanol because the bond enthalpies vary slightly from one molecule to another.
- Describes the alcohols that they plan to use in their investigation, including methanol, ethanol and propanol.
- Explains that methanol ch3ho + 1.5o2 (g) co2 + 2h2o (l)3 c__h 413 1,5o=o 497
- Explains that the bond enthalpies worked out above clearly show an increase in the overall energy that is released as the alcohols increased in size.
- Compares the enthalpy of combustion (dhc) of different alcohols.
- Explains that they are going to use propan-1-ol and butan-l as representatives of the two alcohols. they are large enough molecules to form isomers and have the closest structural arrangement.
- Explains that they need to use alcohols with as similar structure as possible, with the only difference being the number of carbon atoms within the molecule.
- Explains that alcohols are flammable, so they need to be handled with care, avoiding spillages, and kept in a suitable container.
- Explains that their experiment is safe as long as it is carried out sensibly taking heed of the general laboratory rules.
- Explains that alcohol initial temperature +/- (oc) finaltemperature (g) methanol 21 43 22 213.18 212.06 1.1221
- Explains that the bottom of the calorimeter had a black sooty type substance on it, which was affecting their results for butan-1-ol.
- Explains that the smaller alcohol's needed less energy to break the bonds in the reactants and so more energy is needed to initiate the reaction.
- Explains that carbon is a better insulator than copper, as it has lower thermal conductivity value and stops heat getting through to heat the water as there should be.
- Explains that their results show a clear increase in the energy released per unit mass of alcohol. they need to find which alcohol releases the most energy per mole.
- Explains that energy mass x temp increase depends on the substance you are heating, it is called the specific heat capacity.
- Explains that the mass of water heated, 100g, is the heat energy exchanged during the experiment, which needs to be converted to heat taken in per mole of alcohol burned.
- Explains that the heat absorbed by the calorimeter can be worked out.
- Explains that the two values worked out above for the energy absorbed by the water and the calorimeter give the total.
- Explains the average enthalpy of combustion for the alcohols in the table.
- Compares their results to the bond enthalpy values that they had worked out earlier.
- Explains that it is possible to measure the exact enthalpy of combustion using a bomb calorimeter apparatus. heat losses can be eliminated if the thermo chemical investigation is coupled with an electrical calibration.
- Compares the values of the enthalpy of combustion given by the bomb calorimeter to their results.
- Explains that methanol was the least accurate at 38.9% of what it should have been and propon-1-ol at 49.5%.
- Opines that their results have been consistently accurate, with the gap between the most accurate and the least accurate being only 10%. this gives them the impression that they are not just wrong because of human error.
- Explains that the enthalpy's of combustion that they are comparing their results to were measured under different conditions so this means they would be different any way.
- Explains that heat produced in the experiment was aloud to escape before it had even entered the apparatus and even heat that got into the water could escape back out of the calorimeter.
- Explains that they redid the experiments now using the insulation material, attaching it to the sides of the calorimeter. the results were an improvement on the previous attempt.
- Explains that their results show a clear increase of around 9% although this does vary from alcohol to alcohol. the heat produced does not even enter the apparatus, it is aloud to escape immediately.
- Opines that the accuracy of their experiment could have been improved by using a bomb calorimeter, which was not available to them.
- Compares the enthalpy of combustion from the bomb calorimeter to the results that they got from their experiments. the only thing that could have been improved was to measure all the heat energy that had been released by the combustion of the alcohols.
- Opines that lining the reflector with silver/ shiny surface would keep more of the heat produced during combustion close to the calorimeter so more is absorbed.
- Opines that there are other aspects of the enthalpy of combustion of alcohols that they could have investigated.
3890 wordsRead More - Chemistry: Magnesium Hydroxide And Citric Acidexplanatory essayIn this lab, I determined the amount of heat exchanged in four different chemical reactions only using two different compounds and water. The two compounds used were Magnesium Hydroxide and Citric Acid. Both compounds were in there solid states in powder form. Magnesium Hydroxide was mixed with water and the change in heat was measured using a thermometer. The next reaction combined citric acid and magnesium hydroxide in water. The change in heat was measured as well. For the third reaction citric acid was placed in water to measure the change in heat. In the last reaction, citric acid was combined with water. The heat exchanged was again measured. It is obvious we were studying the calorimetry of each reaction. We used a calorimeter
In this essay, the author
- Explains how they determined the amount of heat exchanged in four different chemical reactions using two different compounds and water. safety concerns included inhaling citric acid, mixing magnesium hydroxide, and properly disposing of chemical mixtures.
- Explains that method one and method two are calculations for the class data. below them are the calculations i did for each reaction.
- Explains that the second law of thermodynamics states all real processes, so chemical reactions for this lab occur spontaneously in the sense that increases the entropy.
- Opines that it is preferable to use this experiments chemical reaction between magnesium hydroxide and citric acid because these to compounds can be reused.
- Explains that the first law of thermodynamics states that heat is a form of energy and heat energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
- Explains that the water is pure with no contaminates and that it is just a vessel for the chemical reaction between magnesium hydroxide and citric acid.
984 wordsRead More - Laboratory Lab Essaycomparative essayWhen heating in the laboratory seek help of the instructor to operate the Bunsen burner, hot plate.
In this essay, the author
- Describes the general precautions and steps to be followed to achieve the lab safety.
- Explains the basic rules and regulations that have to be followed in laboratories.
- Advises students to follow the instructions and seek help from teachers or other responsible persons whenever a clarification is needed.
- Advises that when entering the laboratory, do not work alone, touch, smell, or touch any chemical without prior advice of the instructor.
- Advises not to eat food, beverages in the laboratory, or use any laboratory while eating or having beverages.
- Advises lab participants to be prepared for the lab session and not play jokes or pranks in the laboratory.
- Recommends reading the labels of the chemical bottles and following instructions thoroughly when using the chemicals.
- Advises keeping hands away from eyes, mouth, ears, naked skin, and wounds when handling experiments involving chemicals.
- Advises that experiments should be monitored personally or within the group always. do not distract or interfere with others’ experiments.
- Explains how to get a proper understanding of what should be practiced in an emergency case of fire.
- Advises that long hair should be tired properly so that it won't interfere with lab experiments.
- Opines that dangerous jewelry, large baggy clothes are inappropriate in the laboratory. the foot should be covered with shoes.
- Advises that when handling glassware, examine for shatters before use and never touch it with bear hands.
- Explains that when heating in the laboratory seek help from the instructor to operate the bunsen burner, hot plate.
- Explains that the symbols is often used to warn about hazard and unexpected.
- Explains that mr. yuke symbol with a skull and two crossed bones is used to warn about poison.
- Explains that ionization radiation carries enough energy to remove electrons from atoms or molecules and causes many health issues.
- Explains that exposure to high radiation levels can cause serious adverse effects like injuries and even death. this sign can be seen near food irradiators, teletheraphy machines for cancer treatments etc.
- Explains that non-ionizing energy is any type of electromagnetic energy that do not carry enough energy to ionicize any molecule or atom. it can cause heating of body tissues, photochemical cataract in eye and corneal burns.
- Explains that biohazards refers to biological substances that pose a threat on living organisms, especially on human beings.
- Explains that a carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in causing cancers.
- Explains that there are thousands of laboratories around the world, basic laboratories in schools and universities, and laboratories that carry out advanced experiments with high technology and advanced methodologies. special methods and protocols should be strictly followed when working inside a laboratory.
- Recommends working in a good ventilated area, keeping the laboratory clean and well maintained, and being alert and working with care.
- Explains that chemical waste should be disposed by following proper methods because most of the chemicals used in laboratories are harmful. concentrated and diluted acids and alkalis, harmless soluble inorganic salts, alcohols containing salt, etc.
- Explains that laboratory accidents can occur ranging from minor cuts to major explosions. hazard symbols are warning symbols that are recognized in warning about hazardous material, objects or location.
1087 wordsRead More - Absolute Potential Energy Lab Reportexplanatory essayAbsolute Potential Energy: Absolute potential energy is the potential energy needed to be applied on an object to displace it to such a distance where gravitational force doesn't work on it.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the term absolute potential energy, which is the potential energy needed to be applied on an object to displace it to such a distance where gravitational force doesn't work on it.
- Explains that r1 is the distance from 0 to 1 and 'r2' is
- Describes the values of r and r.
- Explains how a chicago marathon runner of mass 50kg runs up the stairs to the top of the sears tower in 15 minutes.
298 wordsRead More - Calorimetry Lab Reportexplanatory essayWhen the amount of hot water released and cold water absorbed do not coincide, then it means the calorimeter is absorbing some of the heat. The amount of heat that is actually released depends to the mass, specific heat of the substance, and the change in temperature.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the lab's purpose is to understand how to calculate the calorimeter constant by using the instrument. calorimetry is a word that comes from both latin and greek.
- Explains that styrofoam cups act as calorimeters due to their insulating properties. since most of the heat that forms is absorbed by the solvent, the temperature can be altered.
- Explains that when the amount of hot water released and cold water absorbed does not coincide, it means the calorimeter is absorbing some of the heat.
- Explains the hess's law, which states that the enthalpy of a reaction is independent of the steps it takes to go from reactant to product.
433 wordsRead More - Ice Bath Temperature Essaycomparative essaySAFETY FIRST: Since you will be heating water on a stove top, this lab requires adult supervision.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the purpose of the experiment is to determine the temperature at which all particle motion stops (absolutely zero).
- Advises that before assembling the materials, put on safety glasses first, then prepare a clean, dry workspace with all the necessary materials.
- Recommends putting on safety goggles, gloves, apron, and an area away from pets and children.
- Recommends allowing the temperature to equalize for at least 5 minutes, and recording the hot water bath's temperature (t1).
- Recommends returning all materials to their proper place, cleaning up your workspace, and washing your hands.
- Describes how the aluminum can collapsed in the ice bath, while the heated bath temperature stabilized around 85°c after 5 minutes. the amount of water that flowed into the test tube measured at 5 ml (vw).
- Explains that the graph demonstrated charles'law, which is directly proportional to the volume and the temperature.
- Explains how to invert a can of water into the pan of ice water with the tongs.
- Explains how to prepare an ice water bath in a large can, bowl, or pot, and set it aside. slide off the red plastic ring from the thermometer.
- Explains how to measure the amount of water that went into the apparatus by pouring it into a graduated cylinder, and determine the total volume of the test tube with the stopper in.
1096 wordsRead More - Enthalpy And Calorimetry Essayexplanatory essayIn this equation, the grams of each salt used in the experiment was divided by the change in temperature recorded in the experiment. This was set equal to the amount of grams you would need to reach 65º C or 0º C divided by the temperature change needed to reach the desired temperature. After the amount of grams needed was determined, the price must be found. Equation 4 was used to determine the price.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that equation one is used to find enthalpy and calorimetry, which measures the amount of energy in a system.
- Explains that h is the change in heat, e is energy, p represents pressure, and v is volume. equation two is for the enthalpy of a reaction.
- Explains that calorimetry is used to measure enthalpy. it measures how much heat is flowing.
- Explains that the initial and final temperatures were found for each trial (table 1). these results were averaged, and equation three was used to determine the grams used.
- Explains how the grams of each salt used in the experiment were divided by the change in temperature recorded. equation 4 was used to determine the price.
- Explains that $0.75, $0.36, and $0.19 were used because they cover the cost of the plastic bag, labor and overhead costs.
- Explains the lab's goal to determine which two salts would be best to make a profitable hot and cold pack.
- Explains that styrofoam cup calorimeters will be used for this lab. each packet must be stored at room temperature, cost less than five dollars, and contain a salt and water.
- Explains that the lab lab requires room temperature water, spoons, digital scale, graduated cylinder, plastic boats, styrofoam cups, and a lab quest temperature probe.
940 wordsRead More - Heat Capacity of An Unknown Metalexplanatory essayA hot plate is acquired and plugged in and if left to warm up. Fill two beakers with 0.075kg of water and record the temperature using a thermometer and record it. Place one of the beakers onto the hot plate and drop one of the metal objects in. Wait for the water to boil and wait two minutes. Take the object out of the water and drop it into the other beaker. Take the temperature of the beaker and record the rise in temperature.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the purpose of performing this lab was to find the specific heat capacity of an unknown metal.
- Describes how a hot plate is acquired, plugged in, and if left to warm up, fill two beakers with 0.075kg of water and record the temperature.
- Explains how to test a hot plate, two beakers with 0.075kg of water, select metal objects, and record the starting temperature of the water.
- Explains that the temperature increase wasn't great when the object was inserted into the second beaker because of the time restrictions put onto our experiment.
- Explains the lab propertiesitemweightstartingtemptemp of metal in cold watertemp changechain10g100 c24 degrees c23 degrees
- Describes the c=(945) / (3.367) (c=280.6object) and the chain: (0.075*4200*1), (0.01*76), (315) and (0.76) (414.5object).
- Explains that each metal has a different thermal conductivity which is the metal's ability to conduct and hold heat.
- Explains metal objects and suspected metal make ups: bolt: c=(0.075*4200*3) / (0.0455 * 74) copper:
- Concludes that their hypothesis was correct. a metals heat capacity is determined by the makeup and density of a metal.
1176 wordsRead More - Energy Story Hands On Science Storyanalytical essayThe three stories that I have read about electricity has a purpose or a main idea. In "Energy Story" it was about showing the importance of electricity and how much an average human has that is bound to work with electricity. In "Hands-on Science" they taught you how to make your own circuit or electricity by normal thing in your kitchen. Finally, in "Conducting Solutions" they think of random stuff to conduct solutions for electricity. All three of these stories had something in common, these where all ways to show the importance of electricity and how to save it.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that all three stories about electricity had a purpose or main idea. "energy story" was about showing the importance of electricity and how much an average human has that is bound to work with it.
- Analyzes how the story "energy story" was about how energy was important in a normal human's life, and how electricity flows through atoms.
243 wordsRead More