Today, there is an enormous amount of understanding of the anatomy of bone formation than it was available to Duhamel du Monceau and John Hunter when they made the then prolific theories of bone growth anatomy. Duhamel proved, in 1742, that the bone is first formed in the periosteum and grows in superposing layers. Hunter, through his experiments showed that bone grows in length by juxtaposing layers and the medullary cavity (Trabecular bone) grows by resorption of inner layers of bone. He also showed that the ends of the bones show remodeling via cycles of bone formation and resorption.
Duhamel du Monceau used madder dye, an extract of the root of Rubia tincterium tree, in a staining technique that enabled him to show that bones increase in thickness via interstitial growth. This technique was practiced previously by Belchier. Duhamel fed bran mixed with madder and fed it to a rooster. He then observed the red coloration of the bones caused by the dye. Duhamel mixed powdered madder with bran and fed it to pigeons, turkeys and chickens to make sure that the madder was causing the observed changes to the bones and not any other ingredients. Sixteen days later, the animals was killed ad all its bones were found to have turned red again. By dissection, Duhamel observed that only the bones had turned red and the entire animal’s other internal and external parts retained their natural color. Therefore Duhamel established that the color of the bones was due solely to the dye, which only affected the bones and no other tissue. Therefore by alternating a madder-treated with a normal diet, he observed a series alternating red with white layers of bone, each corresponding to a change in the animal’s diet thereby proving that bone gre...
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... years later, after sawing down the tree, he found that the hardened portion of the limb had not increased in size. Therefore Duhamel was able to observe the periosteal growth of bones based on the analogy of tree growth.
To study the longitudinal growth of a long bone, Duhamel inserted needles at equal intervals into the femur of a newly-hatched chick. Dissection of the femur of the chick, fifteen days later, revealed the impressions made by the needles to be separated by various intervals, smallest nearest the trabecular region and largest nearest the cortical bone because hardening begins in the trabecular of the bone and gradually proceeds towards the cortical bone. This proved that the different portions of the bone do not all grow equally but the trabecular bone grow more than the cortical bone. This phenomenon is now known as longitudinal bone growth.
As the matrix hardens, it forms lamella, a tube of the solidified bone matrix, which forms the lamellar bone. Essentially, lamellar bone is lamellae with collagen fibers surrounding each lamella. It is important to know that collagen fibers on one layer, run parallel to the collagen fibers on another layer. For this reason, lamellar bone is very tough. The lamellar bone is located on both sides of the spongy bone and thickens around the trabeculae. The blood vessels are still situated within the spongy bone and form the red marrow. If a lamellae form around a blood vessel, it creates an osteon with a central canal where the blood vessel is
The skeleton had a hideous impact to the community and was predicted by local investigators to be reasonably modern. To get better understanding and avoid confusion, a bone sample was sent to a laboratory in the USA for investigation and analysation using series of scientific
Imagine a teenage boy who is isolated on a faraway island, without food or water. The hot and sticky weather is intolerable, but the rampaging storms are worse. He quickly develops malaria and diarrhea, and on top of that, blood-sucking insects and menacing reptiles lurch beneath his feet. He has no idea what is coming, but he needs to survive. This is the story of a young boy who has to travel to the other side of the world to realize that everything can’t go his way.
...vejoy, the team’s anatomy expert, hypothesized that the bone crushed and fossilized misshapen, causing the position of the bones to seem as if they “flared up like a chimp’s.” This initial conclusion might have been the correct one, but Lovejoy was part of Johanson’s team, and as such, his analysis was done under Johanson’s influence. Johanson concluded that this chimp-like bone was an illusion, and the reconstruction that followed resulted in a bipedal pelvis. It is unclear how certain the researchers can be that the final result was the original shape of the bone, but one thing is clear – the reconstruction was done under the influence of the initial and final conclusion. When the assembly and analysis of the bones are done by a team of researchers already pre-disposed to a specific hypothesis, it is little wonder that the evidence ends up fitting the hypothesis
This week’s reading was about Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston’s, “A Mule Bone”. This play expresses many conflicts that go on in small as well as large communities. The setting of this play however is in Eaton, Florida is the community in which Hurston is from. It describes the many conflicts that people have with certain relationships or religions.
So far, various techniques have been used for reconstruction and regeneration of maxillary and mandibular bone defects. Autogenous bone grafting, guided bone regeneration (GBR), distraction osteogenesis and nerve transpositioning are among these regenerative techniques (1-8). Decision making for the treatment could be influenced by the type, size and location of the bone defects (2, 3, 9, 10). GBR had high success rate in treating small alveolar defects such as dehiscence or fenestration. Regenerative bony walls around the defect with ingrowing blood vessels can begin osteogenesis (11) larger bone defects with insufficient regenerative walls and an low quality avascular bed need varied amount of autogeneous bone graft from extra oral or intra oral donor sites, however, the patient may suffer from complications in donor site as well as bone graft resorption.(10, 12-15)
Over the summer, after taking a break from reading a novel just for entertainment, I sat down to read How to Read Literature like a Professor and it was the exact novel to refresh and supplement my dusty analysis skills. After reading and applying Foster’s novel, How to Read Literature like a Professor, towards The Bonesetter’s Daughter I found a previously elusive and individualized insight towards literature. Although, The Bonesetter’s Daughter is full of cryptic messages and a theme that is universal, I was able to implement an individual perspective on comprehending the novel’s universal literary devices, and coming upon the unique inference that Precious Auntie is the main protagonist of the novel.
His dissections lead to one of the major discoveries of anatomy. Before Vesalius completed his book De Humani Corporis Fabrica, everyone in the medical community believed that Galen’s writings was complete truth. Even though we know now that Galen was wrong about a lot, everyone believed his writings without any evidence. That is what Vesalius brought to the medical and scientific community, evidence. Now, the scientific community is based on evidence and supporting that evidence. If Vesalius never dissected with his own hands, there is no telling where the knowledge of the human body would be right now. Vesalius achievements opened the path for knowledge and modern medical science, not only in anatomy but also in dissections and testing
Text Box: Table 2. Humerus length and height of female student in the classText Box: Table 1. Humerus length and height of male student in the class
Describe the microscopic features of osseous tissue that help long bones withstand compressive forces without breaking.
Bone homeostasis occurs when the bones are being “remodelled” or it is also known as “bone metabolism” this is the process in which new bone is created and the old bone which was there was removed, it is more common to see this process in younger growing children or adults who have broken any bones.
“…she thrust her hands in and kneaded the flesh, careful not to dislodge the bones. I asked her why it mattered that they remain connected. “The meat needs the bone nearby,” she said, “to borrow its richness.”” (3852)
He realized that snake embryos had bumps where there should be legs. Which mean they probably evolved from a creature with legs. He noticed that whale embryos had teeth, but adult whales did not have teeth. The most shocking of his embryotic studies involved human embryos. He noted that the human embryos as slits around the neck, the same in fish. The difference is that in fish the develop into gills, and in human the become the bones of the inner ear. This showed that humans must be descended from fish. This led him to the conclusion that all species were somehow connected. He theorized that beginning with a common ancestor, species had changed dramatically over generations. Some species may add new body features, or lose them. He called this descent with
The human body endures a great deal of wear and injury during its lifetime. It is for this reason that the body has several tissues that are capable of regeneration. Bone is one of those tissues that receives extensive use so it is necessary that it is strong in order to carry out its functions; however, it will occasionally face injury. Although our bones are capable of regeneration, a new method would help the elderly and others that have a more difficult time healing after injury. I viewed a “TED Talk” lecture, which discussed a new way of regenerating bone with the help of our own bodies. Molly Stevens, the head of a biomaterials lab, presented “A New Way to Grow Bone” where she discussed a new technique called “in vivo bioreactor”. She also answered why this new procedure is beneficial. Researchers like Stevens are constantly trying to find innovative new techniques and they do this by asking questions. The question that Stevens presented in the video was an intriguing one: “Can we recreate the regeneration of bone on demand and transplant it?”.
The Skeletal System, also known as the Skeleton make up a framework that support the body and protect the organs. The Skeleton consists of the bones and joints of the body. In the human body there is 300 bones at birth, these then fuse together to make 206 bones in a fully grown adult. The Skeleton is made up of two divisions: The axial and appendicular Skeleton.