Social Welfare is an encompassing and imprecise term, but most often it is defined in terms of “organized activities,” or another element that suggests policy and programs created to respond to social problems and improve the well being of those at risk. In this paper I will discuss the history of social welfare policies and its influence on families.
The advance of the welfare state reflected period-specific needs and was heavily influenced by changes in the national economy. Social welfare policy of the Colonial Period was replicated from the Elizabethan Poor Law that aimed to assist migrants in their struggle to fulfill the expectations of the early stages of industrialization. Its principles were designed to accommodate the necessities of transforming the economy and to negotiate between industrial interests and the landed gentry. They also intended to differentiate between social insurance and social benefits – the deserving and undeserving poor. The means of relief were different for the deserving and undeserving poor. The deserving poor, like the physically disabled, widows, and elderly would receive outdoor relief through cash payments. Veterans were treated with special care: the requirements of local settlements didn’t apply to them and colonies took the responsibly for the provisions of the relief. The undeserving poor received indoor relief through the poorhouses which provided punishment and hard labor to discourage people from denying work. The weak work ethic, as opposed to the economy, was assumed to be at the root of all the problems of the poor. The organized charities were few and their recourses were small. The relief programs were unavailable to blacks, even when they became free men.
A major push for change, the Reform Era, occurred around the Civil War. The most important development in federal welfare was the Civil War Pension system. Social welfare system was heavily dominated by voluntary and charity organizations, such as the Settlement House, which were ran by middle-class women. The scientific charity reform movement emerged and concentrated on counseling the poor in order to improve their social functioning through social casework. The significant point of the early reform period was abolitionism. Despite active developments and emerging movements, no one wanted to take responsibility for the black population, and charities mistakenly attended to the problems of blacks like those of immigrants. Immigrants, also known as the “stranger”, were not welcomed because people felt that they would be responsible for them.
In the years immediately following America’s independence from Great Britain, the United States established their own form of a welfare system – a “government-sponsored form of indentured servitude, whereby poor of unemployed people were auctioned to employers who used them as laborers.” In addition to this program, the new United States also created a financial incentive to well-off families who would sponsor a poorer individual or family (Issitt).
...at more tentatively, with fluoride gels and varnishes or a chlorhexidine varnish. Some dentists may restore root caries with amalgam restorations. Another treatment option used by some dentists to restore root caries is Glass Ionomer Cements. Glass ionomer cements were first introduced in the early 1970s. They have good adherence to mineralized tooth tissue, which keeps the removal of tooth structure to a minimum. Glass ionomer cements also have the ability to leak and absorb fluoride into the tooth, which decreases the rate of secondary caries. These factors have increased the potential for glass ionomer cements to replace amalgam as a restorative material. (Hammel)
O?Beirne, Kate. ?The State of Welfare: An old and tricky question resurfaces.? National Review 54.2 (February 11, 2002): 1--2. Online. Information Access Expanded
Blau, J. (2004). The dynamics of social welfare policy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.
Without practicing meditation, we do not reflect on or pay attention to our everyday actions, mostly acting on habit. The world is full of defilements and everyday we are infatuated by them, sensual desires, and delusion, although we often do not know it. Meditation weakens these unwholesome temptations and desires by making us aware that they are arising, and by revealing that they are truly unwholesome. The temptation only ceases when the concentration we obtain from meditation results in greater happiness than sensual pleasures can ever provide. While the satisfaction gained from sensual pleasures is fleeting, the clarified, focused state of mind of the meditator accumulates into a constant tranquil state. Only when we have stilled the mind’s incessant wandering and momentarily abandon the attraction to sensory experiences can we become truly aware of our hidden motivations and unconscious feelings that shape our thoughts and behavior. It is also necessary for changing our views of the world and ourselves. Through confronting these delusions, desires, and feelings we are able to renounce them. “During meditation we learn to drop from the mind what we don’t want to keep. We only want to keep in mind the meditation subject. As we get more and more skilled at it, we start to use the same faculty in our daily lives to help us drop thoughts that are
While many believe that social welfare in the United States began with Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal plan, the first American movement towards welfare came from a different Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt. He stated in his New Nationalism address that “every wise struggle for human betterment” objectives are “to achieve in large measure equality of opportunity... destroy privilege, and give to the life and citizenship of every individual the highest possible value both to himself and the commonwealth” (Roosevelt). Behind such a speech with charged language about democracy and fundamental equality, Roosevelt was instituting welfare programs such as limiting word days, setting a minimum wage for women, social insurance for the elderly and disabled, unemployed social insurance, and a National Health Service. After his proposal came Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom initiative, FDR’s aforementioned New Deal, John F. Kennedy’s New Frontier, and Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society (Historical Development). While social welfare is steeped in America’s history, there is a very contemporary debate on its effectiveness and ethicality. People argue that the reason welfare has such a long history in America is because it helps people get out of poverty, equalizes opportunities, reduces crime, and helps children; in essence, that welfare works. Many in opposition to welfare disagree, citing that the system creates a culture of dependence, is easily abused, hurts the middle class and costs the government too much on a system that isn’t wholistically addressing the needs of the American people.
The history of welfare has been a short story. This is a short summary of welfare history from Micheal Katz’s article The American Welfare State. AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children) was around the 1970’s, and it was the first modern welfare division but after a reform in the 1990’s TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) rose out of the remains of AFDC. After the reform the people on welfare went down, momentarily, but the poverty rate stayed steady. Since then there have not been many changes (Katz).
The future of dentistry is the end of the use of amalgam restorations. Amalgam restorations are believed to be the cause of many illnesses for dental professionals. Dental professionals are exposed daily to the harmful chemicals contained in the material that makes up amalgam, including mercury. With the advent of resin restorations and their more popular use, amalgam restorations will be a thing of the past, only read about in dental history books.
He was interested in nature’s relation to humans. Henry David Thoreau is best known for following in the footsteps of Emerson’s idea of transcendentalism. To get a better understanding of Thoreau’s ideas of transcendentalism, I will briefly talk about Ralph Waldo Emerson’s essay entitled “Nature.” It is written to show importance to nature. In the introduction of Nature, Emerson reveals the purpose of his essay, which is that man takes nature for granted. Emerson says that humans do not experience nature and God directly. Emerson makes the point that the goal of science is to come up for a theory about nature. However, man will never understand the true form and spectacles of nature. Emerson makes another point saying nature and spirit are the only true mechanisms of the Earth. Emerson continues in his introduction to explain that nature is everything other than the human spirit. He speaks of nature and the spirit as if they were a form of “Yin and Yang.” In order for the spirit to exist, nature must exist. In the next eight chapters Emerson gives mediated high praise to nature. In the beginning of the first chapter Emerson expresses his belief that most adults lost the ability to approach nature as an awareness to separate us from our material world. As children, we see nature for the beauty it truly is. However, as we grow old nature becomes so accustomed to us that we forget the magnificence about it. Chapter 2, “Commodity” Emerson
One of the biggest points that both men presented was the idea of living a simple life to live a better life. Thoreau even stated that living life in a hurry was a waste of a life (Thoreau 382). The men chose to separate themselves from society and encouraged others to follow. Another point that both men made was the presence of God in nature. Both men wrote about their awareness of God while in nature, Emerson through the vegetables and Thoreau through the fish in winter. Both speak of their sudden awareness and appreciation for God on a spiritual level. Finally, both men spoke about the peace that nature can bring to man. Nature can make one feel young and can help clear the mind and uncover ideas that one may be seeking. All in all, Emerson and Thoreau shared similar perspectives on nature.
When one thinks of meditation, what comes to mind? Does one think of group of 1970’s hippies sitting in a circle singing about peace? How about relaxing music being played? How about trying to form one’s body into a pretzel-like shape? What if meditation has nothing to do with the background music being played or what position one’s body is in? Meditation is defined by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary as “the act or process of spending time in quiet thought” (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meditation). Meditation is just simply sitting in a quiet room and thinking about one’s life. The act of meditating is much simpler than many people think. Through deep concentration and relaxation, meditation becomes an altered state of consciousness.
Teeth #1, 16, and 17 are unerupted. There is a PFM on tooth #22. There were two 3-unit bridges: teeth #19 through 21 with a gold abutment on tooth #19, the pontic on tooth #20 and a PFM abutment on tooth #21, as well as on teeth #23 through 25, with PFM abutments on teeth #23 and 25, and the pontic on tooth #24. The amalgam restorations are as follows: an MO on tooth #2 and an MOD on teeth #3 and 5. There are cervical composites on teeth #3 and 4. Tooth #15 was missing the crown. Tooth #13 was a root tip. There are class two furcations on the lingual surface of teeth #1, 18, and 19, and a class one furcation on the buccal surface of tooth #18. There is 2mm of recession on the facial surfaces of teeth #4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 15, 29, 25, 26, and 27, as well as the lingual surfaces of teeth #3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 15, 21, 22, 26, 27. There is 4mm of recession on the facial surfaces of teeth #3 and 23, as well as the lingual surfaces of teeth #12, 23, and 25. There is 6mm of recession on the facial surface of tooth #22. Teeth #3, 4, 18, 26, and 27 had attrition. There was erosion on the lingual and incisal surfaces of teeth #8 through
In Seattle last year, there was a record of 359 people die from an overdose. The majority of them involved opioids, prescription drugs and heroine (Khazan). Many people have an issue with
Henry David Thoreau was a renowned American essayist, poet, and philosopher. He was a simple man who built his life around basic truths (Manzari 1). Ralph Waldo Emerson deeply impacted Thoreau’s viewpoints and philosophies, specifically by introducing him to the Transcendentalists movement. There seems to be no single ideology or set of ideas that entirely characterized Thoreau’s thoughts, but principles encompassing Transcendentalism come closest (Harding and Meyer 122). Spending time in nature and in solitude gave Thoreau an entirely new perspective on life. In fact, his doctrines regarding nature and the impact of the individual on society have transformed realms of political, social and literary history. Politically and socially, Thoreau’s
Scientists and the general population favor genetic engineering because of the effects it has for the future generation; the advanced technology has helped our society to freely perform any improvements. Genetic engineering is currently an effective yet dangerous way to make this statement tangible. Though it may sound easy and harmless to change one’s genetic code, the conflicts do not only involve the scientific possibilities but also the human morals and ethics. When the scientists first used mice to practice this experiment, they “improved learning and memory” but showed an “increased sensitivity to pain.” The experiment has proven that while the result are favorable, there is a low percentage of success rate. Therefore, scientists have concluded that the resources they currently own will not allow an approval from the society to continually code new genes. While coding a new set of genes for people may be a benefitting idea, some people oppose this idea.