The development, implementation and evaluation of a school based smoking intervention focusing on primary prevention.
Summary:
This intervention is a school-based intervention for a middle school, commissioned by an Executive Head of a Multi-Academy Trust in Staffordshire. It will be a primary prevention intervention, targeting smoking, taking place over 6 weeks, and aimed at 9-11 year olds (Years 5 and 6).
Needs analysis:
Smoking is the leading cause of preventable morbidity and premature mortality in the United Kingdom (UK), and smoking related deaths exceed the sum of deaths from the next six most common causes of preventable mortality (HM Government, 2011). Statistics show that the prevalence of smokers is highest in the younger age group
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The TPB was developed by Ajzen and Madden (1986) and posits that a person’s intention determines their behaviour. Intention, in turn, is determined by three constructs: attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control (PBC). This intervention will target all three of the constructs that determine intention, aiming to develop a stronger intention not to smoke which in turn should lead to abstinent behaviour. The HBM suggests that a person’s health behaviour is determined by a ‘cost-benefit’ analysis based on their beliefs about certain health risks and whether the benefit of reducing or eliminating those risks outweighs the cost of changing their behaviour. It also recognises the importance of self-efficacy which, simply stated, is the confidence a person has that they can carry out the proposed behaviour change (Becker, 1974, as cited in Corcoran, 2013). The initial stages of the intervention will include some facts and figures about smoking; it’s consequences and the positive consequences of not smoking, to enable the children to make better-informed decisions regarding the ‘cost-benefit’ of their choices. And finally, COM-B suggests that the constructs of capability, opportunity and motivation work together to determine behaviour and the intervention will target both the motivational construct by providing rewards for achievements throughout the intervention and also the capability construct as students will have opportunity to develop and practice refusal techniques, leading to enhanced capability (Michie, van Stralen, & West,
According to Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2013), smoking is harmful for almost each organ and causes many dis...
The report is focused on the effort to define what strategy, method or program is the most effective in producing long-term and positive changes in smoking behavior. The first part of the report deals with the problem the reviewer has to face of sorting through outcome research that is permeated by many methodological deficiencies. The most pervasive problem in the evaluation of the outcome data from smoking cessation programs is the validity of the treatment results.
Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States and worldwide (Centers for Disease Control, 2013, World Health Organization, 2008). Tobacco cessation counseling is a vital component of any public health strategy seeking to decrease mortality, disease and costs associated with smoking. To that end, the Healthy People 2020 Tobacco Use Objectives cover three main areas: reducing tobacco use, instituting health system changes, and creating social and environmental changes (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013). Objective TU-10 falls under the category of health system changes as it seeks to open doors for patients to make quit attempts and to pursue tobacco cessation methods by increasing tobacco cessation counseling by physicians and other health care providers.
The health behavior that I wished to improve on during this semester is to stop smoking. I picked up my first cigarette when I was eighteen and unfortunately I haven’t been able to put one down until I took this class. In my country a lot of people smoked cigarettes and I didn’t think that there was anything wrong with smoking or that smoking caused any harm to your body. In my country they don’t advertise cigarettes as being harmful like they do in America. When I moved here I noticed a lot of advertising against smoking cigarettes. In the advertisements on billboards and TV commercials there were women and men who had been affected by cigarette smoking. One advertisement had a woman who didn’t have toes because of smoking and a man didn’t have legs because of smoking. One person had died but had never smoked a day in his life he died from second hand smoke. After watching that it scared me and it made me think about my smoking and it made me want to attempt to quit smoking. When I saw my friends smoking and while I was smoking I thought of those people in the commercials and how easily me my friends could become just like those people in the commercials.
This essay is aimed to explore, analyse and discuss smoking in adults. Smoking is a public health issue as such is one of the major contributors to high mortality and ill-health in the adults which is preventable (Health and Excellence Care (NICE) (2012). The United Kingdom (UK) is known to have the highest number of people with a history of smoking among people with low socio-economic status (Scriven and Garman, 2006; Goddard and Green, 2005). Smoking is considered a serious epidemic in the UK and the National institute for Health and Excellence Care (NICE, 2012) stated that 28% of adults with low economic status are tobacco smokers compared with 13% of those with economic status or having professional incomes. Furthermore almost 80,000 people died in England in 2011 as a result of smoking related issues and 9,500 admissions of children died due to being second hand smokers (WHO, 2005). This essay focuses on definition of smoking, the aim is to underline the relationship between smoking and the determinants of health and then, the size, prevalence, and morbidity trend of smoking will be explored. Furthermore, some public health policies introduced to confront the issues around smoking will be investigated and finally, the roles of nurses will identify health needs the public so as to promote good health and their wellbeing.
Through public education, most elementary school kids can understand that smoking is bad for them and that cigarettes are additive. Cigarettes are addictive due to nicotine, a drug found in tobacco (“Quitting Smoking”, 2015). According to Schneider (2016), some of the greatest health problems associated with smoking include: lung cancer, other cancers, coronary heart disease, other heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, other vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, pneumonia, influenza, tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), prenatal conditions, and sudden infant death syndrome. As stated by the Authority of the American Lung Association in an article titled “Health
Smoking is a lifestyle, a habit, and a trend. Smoking has become a social activity among teens, connecting them through the craving of a smoke. Smoking is seen as seductive and cool in the media and movies which influences teenagers to smoke even more. The World Health Organization has stated that “Tobacco kills around 6 million people each year. More than 5 million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use while more than 600,000 are the result of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke.” As of April 2016, only 7% of teenagers in the U.S. smoke, but it is said that tobacco use will kill 8 million people annually by 2030. 99% of adult smokers start in their years as teenagers. Smoking is an epidemic that has taken control of people’s lives since 1881 and the media since the early 1900s. Smoking currently kills about 440,000 people a year in the U.S. I feel that it is an issue because it is the #1 most preventable way to die, but people still continue to smoke because of how it looks and how they are perceived as a person if they do. The fact that people become addicted to a trend that will attribute to their death for the sake of being thought of as cooler, is a problem that needs to be addressed.
Role-Playing was used to strengthen commitment to non-smoking by public declaration and therepeated dialogue stimulated counterarguements. To truly understand the effectsof
In recent years, smoking has started to take over the lives of many teenagers. The number of teenagers smoking has increased dramatically in the last several years. This is a major problem because smoking can lead to sickness and major diseases that can lead to death. Teens tend to participate in this while out of the presence of an adult figure. Although teens should not be smoking in the first place, an adult figure should be around to help insure that their children are doing the right things, even when they are behind sealed doors with their peers. Teenagers as they mature become a model for younger children and when they set the example of smoking can ruin their respectable image to the children that look up to them.
Quitting smoking can be very challenging and it is never easy to quit, but if you use a calm persuasion and not demanding or criticising yourself, slowly you will get rid of smoking. About 100,000 people in the UK die from smoking each year. Addiction to smoking leads to many diseases such as: lung cancer, heart disease, kidney problems, pulmonary diseases and it also increases the risk of miscarriage.
Today, there has been an increase in the amount of teenagers who smoke half a pack a day of cigarettes. The number of seniors in high school who have tried cigarettes has decreased over the years, but the number of those who smoke occasionally or half a pack or more a day, has increased. There are many factors as to why teenagers smoke including advertising and teen behavior. There are also a few ways we can stop teenagers from wanting to smoke. Therefore, we need to make teens aware that smoking is not good for you and it is not cool and we need to figure out why teens think it is cool. We need to find out why teens smoke and how we can make the
Smoking is not only bad for health it is also as bad for the people
“Dangers of Smoking Cigarettes for Smokers” healthliteracy.worlded.org. Copyright 1995 by Marjorie Jacobs revised 1997, n.d web 14 April 2011
Smoking is an extremely addictive habit that usually forms in the early teen years. We should be targeting our children from the time they enter elementary school to prepare them for this temptation and encourage them to steer clear of this problem (Schoebel 287). There is no sure cure for smoking, and every method requires willingness, dedication, and will power. Smokers should recognize the serious health risks they are facing every time they light a cigarette and accept that quitting such an addictive habit would only come with some amount of discomfort. Is there anyone who does not know someone who smoke's? Everyone has a family member, friend, or coworker who smokes. They have chosen to smoke, but by just being around them you are also smoking, only you have not made that choice. Before you choose to take this risk you should think about what may happen to your body.
Consequently, tobacco which contains many harmful chemicals damages human beings’ health day by day. Although people are aware of the bad effects of smoking, they still smoke for one reason or another. When the current situation is considered, it is clear that smoking which has been spreading all over the world is not only the problem of a country or a territory but the problem of mankind because smoking brings many disadvantages for humans like diseases. I personally believe that it is important to help children remain lifelong non-smokers because they are our hope for a non-smoking future.