The health consequences of smoking have become evident since early 1960s and numerous techniques to help smokers to become nonsmokers have started to develop. "The Behavioral Aspects of Smoking", a report of the Surgeon General first published in 1979 talks in detail about methods aided to assist smokers in the process of cessation. Sometimes it is very hard to decide which intervention strategy is the best and most useful because they vary from gimmicks to formal programs and clinics.
The report is focused on the effort to define what strategy, method or program is the most effective in producing long-term and positive changes in smoking behavior. The first part of the report deals with the problem the reviewer has to face of sorting through outcome research that is permeated by many methodological deficiencies. The most pervasive problem in the evaluation of the outcome data from smoking cessation programs is the validity of the treatment results.
Almost all clinics and research studies rely primary upon verified self-reports of smoking as the critical dependent measure. Nevertheless, the request for a number of cigarettes smoked per day depends on the accuracy and honesty of the respondent . The use of self-monitoring recording has been recommended in various forms and is commonly used in many studies to provide some reliability and psychometric qualities of the rate data . The primary evaluation of treatment-results based on abstinence data can be recommended for several reasons: (1) temperance is the primary goal of all smokers who seek treatment; (2) follow-up data reveals that most smokers who failed to attain assistance returned to initial smoking rates; (3) analysis of rate data yield significant treat...
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... An adequate technology to validate self-reports of smoking rates is critically needed. If reliable physiological measures of smoking rate were available, the effects of different procedures in producing abstinence and enduring reductions in smoke exposure could be objectively verified. Most successful ex-smokers quitted on their own and information is needed regarding what types of treatment they view as credible and attractive.
Finally, the basic research is needed to clarify the topography of smoking and relapse behavior so that specific needs of smokers can be fulfilled. Different types of smokers may require different levels of maintenance assistance. All public service clinics and proprietary programs should be continually evaluated. They have the responsibility to the smoking public to present objective evaluations of the long-term effectiveness.
Hypnotherapy is widely recognised, as a method for aiding smoking cessation, however, conflicting evidence exists regarding its efficacy. In meta analysis hypnosis proved 3 times more effective than nicotine replacement methods, and 15 times more effective than stopping without help (Schmidt and Chockalingham, 1992). Having said this, results are not always clean cut. A number of studies report a mixture of success rates i.e. 90.6% (Barber, 2001), 90% (Klager, 2004), and 80% (Crasilneck, 1990), while others report much lower rates of success at 48% (Elkins and Rajab, 2004) and 25% (Ahijevych, Yerardi and Nedilsky, 2000). Something else to consider is the variety of methods that may be adopted in order to treat smoking cessation with hypnosis, as the efficacy of these methods may also vary (Crasilneck, 1990; Barber, 2001; Spiegel, Frischholz, Fleiss and Spiegel, 1993). However, the constant variable within smoking cessation treatment is the patient. Therefore, treatment tailored towards the individual needs of the smoker needs to be considered when evaluating the best approach to therapy.
Bryant, J., B. Bonevski, C. Paul, et al. 2011. A systematic review and meta-anaysis of the effectiveness of behavioural smoking cessation interventions in selected disadvantaged groups. Addiction 106: 1568–1585.
in only a few years time we will notice a drastic decline in the total
When smokers quit-what are the benefits over time. (2014, Februrary 6). American Cancer Society. Retrieved from www.cancer.org
...ife. Furthermore smoker’s needs to be encouraged to quit thus it may take many attempts before victims can quit completely. However, good communication with smokers needs careful discussion to reduce the risk of earlier failure problems facing quitting. If nurses can make it their duty by reaching out to each of their patients about quitting smoking, then this would go a long wait in reaching a lot of people even if they don’t want to. There is already smoke free policy in the UK which is working and hopefully will still help in the reduction of smoking con gumption. It is important the government do more of anti-smoking campaigns to reach out to the manual and routine group and make follow up in regards to quitting completely. Furthermore, they need to increase tax rates on tobacco and put an end to shops that still advertising cigarette smoking in their shops
Smoking cigarettes is a detrimental practice not only to the smoker, but also to everyone around the smoker. According to an article from the American Lung Association, “Health Effects” (n.d.), “Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S., causing over 438,000 deaths per year”. The umbrella term for tobacco use includes the use of cigarettes, cigars, e-cigs and chewing tobacco. While tobacco causes adverse health consequences, it also has been a unifying factor for change in public health. While the tobacco industries targets specific populations, public health specifically targets smokers, possible smokers, and the public to influence cessation, policies and education.
Smoking is a lifestyle, a habit, and a trend. Smoking has become a social activity among teens, connecting them through the craving of a smoke. Smoking is seen as seductive and cool in the media and movies which influences teenagers to smoke even more. The World Health Organization has stated that “Tobacco kills around 6 million people each year. More than 5 million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use while more than 600,000 are the result of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke.” As of April 2016, only 7% of teenagers in the U.S. smoke, but it is said that tobacco use will kill 8 million people annually by 2030. 99% of adult smokers start in their years as teenagers. Smoking is an epidemic that has taken control of people’s lives since 1881 and the media since the early 1900s. Smoking currently kills about 440,000 people a year in the U.S. I feel that it is an issue because it is the #1 most preventable way to die, but people still continue to smoke because of how it looks and how they are perceived as a person if they do. The fact that people become addicted to a trend that will attribute to their death for the sake of being thought of as cooler, is a problem that needs to be addressed.
From my late teens, into my mid-twenties, I was a smoker. At first, it was just recreational; however that changed fairly quickly. I began buying them and smoking regularly throughout the day. It then progressed to smoking a pack per day until it was too late. I was officially addicted. I knew it was a terrible habit and I was shamed of it and would hide it from friends and family hoping they wouldn’t find out. Finally, after coughing hacking, and repeatedly getting sick several times a year, I came to the realization that I had to quit. However, it wasn’t as easy as I had anticipated. After relapsing several times before I was finally able to quit, I broke this terrible habit successfully. It was an extremely difficult habit to break and I’ll never go back. I was a lucky individual who had the mental toughness and willpower to overcome this strong addiction, but Americans struggle to quit each year, and many never do. However, there’s a new product on the market today called electronic cigarettes that are believed to aid individuals in the fight against addiction. It’s a battery powered device that heats a nicotine diluted solution into a vapor that is then inhaled. It’s believed to be a healthier, more affordable alternative to tobacco cigarettes. It is much safer because it doesn’t have nearly as many harmful chemicals as tobacco cigarettes and it’s believed to be much more affordable for consumers. However, many critics believe that electronic cigarettes are extremely addictive and just as harmful. Although electronic cigarettes are believed to be detrimental to people’s heath due to low quality product standards, harmful components in filling solution, and reports suggesting they’re addictive and just as harmful as toba...
Cigarette addiction is responsible for over four million deaths every year. The question most people ask is why don’t people just put down their cigarettes? Well, the answer to that often asked question is nicotine. Nicotine is a neurotransmitter that targets certain receptors in the brain. It is a chemical messenger that induces feelings of pleasure. When someone takes a hit off of a cigarette, they ingest the harmful chemicals that can cause cancer and other serious health threats. They only inhale these chemicals to get one thing and one thing only, nicotine.
The best thing I've ever done in my life is quit smoking. I started when I was 14-years-old and smoked until I was 30. I had some weird symptoms in my 20s, such as a lump in the throat and coughing after taking a bite of any food, and as much as I loved smoking, I didn't like those symptoms. The truth was that I knew smoking was bad for me, but I couldn't quit until I developed some positive affirmations that helped me re-frame the way I thought about myself and about smoking. 3 Affirmations That Helped Me Quit Smoking Forever!
Almost everyone knows the health risks involved with smoking tobacco. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) give habitual smokers the most promising results of tobacco reduction or cessation. There are some that disagree with the use of e-cigarettes however; the benefits are exceptional for those looking to quit this habit. It significantly lowers their health risks related with smoking tobacco and, unlike cigarettes, it does not release any harmful toxic chemical substances. E-cigarettes are also more cost efficient than buying a pack of cigarettes. Although there are some that oppose the use of the economical e-cigarettes, the advantages are greater because
Although smokers benefit from periodontal therapy, clinical improvements are less than those for non-smoking patients. Studies comparing therapy response in former smokers, current smokers, and never smokers demonstrate that former smokers respond in a similar manner to never smokers to periodontal therapy. Based on this evidence, dental health professionals should advise patients of tobacco’s negative health effects as well as the benefits of quitting tobacco use, and tobacco cessation counseling should be part of the armamentarium of the dental office.
Diclemente, C., Fairhurst, S., Prochaska, J., Rossi, J., Velasques, M., Velices, W. (1991). The process of smoking cessation: An analysis
Smoking is a simple process of inhaling and exhaling the fumes of burning tobacco, but it has deadly consequences. According to the American Cancer Society, smoking is the most preventable cause of death in America today (Encarta, 2002). Until the 1940?s, smoking was considered harmless. It was at this time that epidemiologists noticed a dramatic increase in the cases of lung cancer. A study was then conducted between smokers and nonsmokers to determine if cigarettes were the cause of this increase. This study, conducted by the American Cancer Society, found increased mortality among smokers. Yet it was not until 1964 that the Surgeon General put out a report acknowledging the danger of cigarettes. The first action to curb smoking was the mandate of a warning on cigarette packages by the Federal Trade Commission (Encarta, 2002). In 1971, all cigarette advertising was banned from radio and television, and cities and states passed laws requiring nonsmoking sections in public places and workplaces (Encarta, 2002). Now in some cities smoking is being completely banned from public places and workplaces and various people are striving for more of these laws against smoking.
Smoking is not only bad for health it is also as bad for the people