Segregation: Seperate but Equal
explanatory Essay
980 words
Linda Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas advocated the need for change in America in the mid 20th century. America was a country in turmoil, after many futile efforts to make social change had failed but Linda Brown’s groundbreaking case pushed America in the right direction. At the heart of the problem was segregation. Segregation is the act of separating a certain person or faction from the main group. In America’s case segregation was practiced on minorities such as African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. The full force of segregation was brought down on African-Americans. Segregation was based on shear hatred of blacks by white Americans. The majority of them derived their hatred for African-Americans from their parents. This hatred was applied to all aspects of black people’s lives, they couldn’t do the most mundane activity without some sort of segregation. Everything from water fountains to public schools were under the influence of segregation. In Linda Brown’s case, the problem wasn’t a water fountain but a school. Linda was black third-grader living in Topeka, Kansas, caught right in the middle of racial discrimination. To get to her black elementary school each day, Linda had to trek a mile from her home through a railroad switch-yard, even though there was a white elementary school seven blocks away. Her father, Oliver Brown tried to enroll her in the white elementary but was rejected because of her race. After his daughters refusal into the school, Oliver reached out to McKinley Burnett, the head of Topeka’s branch of the NAACP. The NAACP jumped at the opportunity to help the Brown’s because they had long waited for a chance to challenge segregation in public schools.(Cozzens) The Bro... ... middle of paper ... ...ruled that they would monitor school boards until they showed plans towards full compliance and followed those plans. Works Cited Cozzens, Lisa. "Brown v. Board of Education." www.watson.org. N.p., 29 Jun 1998. Web. 24 Oct 2011. . (Cozzens) "Brown v. Board of Education." www.pbs.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct 2011. ("www.pbs.org") Kansas Historical Society , . "Brown v. Board of Education." www.kshs.org. N.p., Sep 2011. Web. 24 Oct 2011. . (Kansas Historical Society ) "U.S. Supreme Court." www.findlaw.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct 2011. . ("www.findlaw.com")
In this essay, the author
- Explains that linda brown v. the board of education of topeka, kansas advocated the need for change in america in the mid 20th century.
- Explains that segregation is the act of separating a certain person or faction from the main group. it was based on shear hatred of blacks by white americans.
- Explains that linda brown was a black third-grader living in topeka, kansas, caught in the middle of racial discrimination. her father, oliver brown, tried to enroll her in white elementary but was rejected because of her race.
- Explains that the brown family drafted a petition to the school board, arguing that black facilities were unequal to those of the white children.
- Explains that the judges in plessy v. ferguson faced a difficult decision, on the one hand, segregation inhibited children's ability to learn, and the other, no supreme court case had overturned the ruling.
- Explains that the brown's and naacp appealed to the supreme court on october 1, 1951. their case was argued by robert carter and the board of education of topeka was represented.
- Explains that the case's re-argument was held on december 7-8, 1953. the main topic of discussion was whether or not segregation in schools violates the fourteenth amendment.
- Analyzes how the supreme court's unanimous decision on segregation of children in public schools on the basis of race deprives the minority group of equal educational opportunities.
- Explains that the ruling required the integration of schools across america. it declared the segregation in public schools in 21 states at the time unconstitutional.
- Explains that the supreme court ordered that school boards make a "prompt and reasonable start towards full compliance."
- Cites cozzens, lisa, "brown v. board of education." www.pbs.org.
Related
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- Brown v Board of Educationanalytical essayThe Supreme Court's May 17, 1954, ruling in Brown v Board of Education remains a landmark legal decision. This decision is huge not only because it changed the history of America forever but also because it was a huge step for blacks in the United States. This decision would eventually lead to the full freedom of blacks in America. Brown v Board of Education is the "Big Bang" of all American history in the 20th century.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that brown v. board of education was a supreme court ruling that changed the life of every american forever.
- Describes how linda brown had to walk through a railroad switchyard to get to her black elementary school in topeka, kansas. the naacp wanted to challenge segregation in public schools.
- Explains that the u.s. district court for the district of kansas heard brown's case in 1951. the naacp argued that segregated schools sent the message to black children that they were inferior to whites.
- Analyzes how the browns' request for an injunction pushed the court to make a difficult decision. plessy v. ferguson allowed separate but equal school systems for blacks and whites.
- Explains that brown and the naacp appealed to the supreme court on october 1, 1951. their case was combined with other cases that challenged school segregation in south carolina, virginia, and delaware.
- Analyzes how the supreme court's ruling that outlawed school segregation in the united states generated urgent news flashes on the radio and frenzied black.
- Opines that the supreme court decision is the greatest victory for the negro people since the emancipation proclamation.
- Explains that the southern states had hunkered down in a massive resistance campaign against school integration. some southern counties closed their schools instead of allowing blacks and whites into the same classrooms.
- Explains that president eisenhower had to send troops from the 101st airborne into little rock just to get nine black children safely into central high school. in the 1960s, large-scale school integration began in southern public schools.
- Explains that the harvard report concludes that school integration in the united states is "lower in 2000 than in 1970, before busing for racial balance began."
- Analyzes how the brown v board of education decision changed america. segregated housing patterns and an increase in black and hispanic immigrants have concentrated minorities in poverty-stricken areas of big cities.
- Explains that the federal government lent its power to enforcing the laws of segregation under an 1896 supreme court ruling that permitted "separate but equal" treatment of blacks and whites.
- Explains that after the supreme court ruled that segregation in public schools was a violation of the constitution, the federal attitude toward enforcing second-class citizenship for blacks shifted.
- Describes how the change in the attitude of federal officials created a wave of anticipation among black people, who became alert to the possibility of achieving racial equality.
- Explains that black americans were taking full advantage of the brown v board of education decision and stood like rosa parks. this change in black and white attitudes toward race also had an impact on culture.
- Explains that white support for equal rights led to the supreme court's 1978 decision in the university of california v bakke case, which outlawed the use of quotas.
- Opines that the most important legacy of the brown v board of education decision is the growth of an educated black middle class.
- Opines that brown v board of education is the "big bang" of american history in the 20th century.
- Analyzes how brown v board of education matters to all americans. brown cronicles, 2003. patterson, james.
2329 wordsRead More - "History of Brown v. Board of Education." USCOURTSGOV RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2014. .
In this essay, the author
- Explains that racism and discrimination were the key problems that caused the civil rights act to happen.
- Explains that rosa parks' refusal to give up her seat to a white man was what triggered change in the united states.
- Opines that the civil rights act was a complete change in the system and influenced other movements. president obama saluted the effects of the act for the world.
- Analyzes baker, peter, "50 years later, obama salutes effects of civil rights act." the new york times.
- Explains the history of brown v. board of education. uscourtsgov rss.
- Explains the civil rights movement. history.com staff, a&e television networks, 2009.
- Describes reynolds, wayne's "rosa parks interview." -- academy of achievement.
- Explains how the boycott of montgomery buses, led by martin luther king jr., was known to be part of the civil rights movement.
891 wordsRead More - The Civil Rights Movement in the USAexplanatory essayBut even though, these laws existed they were still treated unfairly. African Americans had been very poor as slaves and being free didn’t make them rich. Most did not receive their own land, which means that they had to go back to work for whites. Laws were introduced to prevent blacks from voting. They had to pass a literacy test and be able to pay a poll tax. Only if their grandfather had been able to vote, then they could skip the two tests. Barely any Negro was able to fulfill these requirements, and so they remained without the promised right to vote. On top of this, Jim Crow laws were introduced. They enforced segregation and prevented both races from using the same public services such as schools, restaurants, buses, etc. Facilities for blacks were of lower quality than facilities for whites as can be seen in Figure 1. The picture shows a black man drinking from ...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that even though these laws existed, they were still treated unfairly. blacks had to pass literacy tests and pay a poll tax to vote. jim crow laws enforced segregation and prevented both races from using same public services.
- Explains that in the 19th century only whites were born with equal opportunities, while africans had to work on the fields of the whites. the uprising turned into a brutal civil war.
- Explains that homer plessy was arrested for trying to sit in a whites-only train car in 1892. the supreme court ruled that segregation was legal as long as equal facilities were provided.
- Explains the history of brown v. board of education. the administrative office of the u.s. courts, n.d.
1284 wordsRead More - The Civil Rights Movement: The Promise of justiceanalytical essayMcBride, Alex. “Brown v Board of Education (1954).” Supreme Court History: Expanding Civil Rights. Educational Broadcasting Corporation, 2007. Accessed Nov. 26, 2013. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_brown.html
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the brown vs. education case impacted the lives of nine students in little rock, arkansas. segregation in public schools became outlawed, and central high school started to admit african american students.
- Opines that the way that black people were treated in the south was shameful, and they must have felt as though they were still slaves.
- Analyzes how the supreme court influenced the arguments and policies that would be pursued by both state and federal laws.
- Describes brown v. board of education on wikipedia.
- States mcbride, alex, "brown v board of education (1954)." supreme court history: expanding civil rights. educational broadcasting corporation.
- Explains that the civil rights movement required brave leaders and life changing events in order for america to become the integrated nation that it is today.
690 wordsRead More - Brown v. Board of Education Decisionanalytical essayBefore the decision of Brown v. Board of Education, many people accepted school segregation and, in most of the southern states, required segregation. Schools during this time were supposed to uphold the “separate but equal” standard set during the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson; however, most, if not all, of the “black” schools were not comparable to the “white” schools. The resources the “white” schools had available definitely exceed the resources given to “black” schools not only in quantity, but also in quality. Brown v. Board of Education was not the first case that assaulted the public school segregation in the south. The title of the case was shortened from Oliver Brown ET. Al. v. the Board of Education of Topeka Kansas. The official titled included reference to the other twelve cases that were started in the early 1950’s that came from South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware and the District of Columbia. The case carried Oliver Brown’s name because he was the only male parent fighting for integration. The case of Brown v. Board o...
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the brown v. board of education decision was an important watershed during the civil rights movement, but it did not create an effective solution because no time limit was ever given.
- Explains that brown v. board of education was not the first case that assaulted the public school segregation in the south.
- Analyzes how segregation affects the education of children and the resources available to them. the article also mentions that the northern states were further advanced in education than the southern states.
- Analyzes how the new york times published a desegregation progress report in 1954 that stated that southern states were taking steps towards integration and experiencing public problems.
- Explains that the southern education reporting service reported that in 1957, the supreme court upheld the brown v. board of education policy. virginia tried to use the fact that virginian law stated integration illegal.
- Analyzes how baldwin points out the central flaw of brown v. board of education in his essay entitled "down at the cross." baldwin believes the decision was brought on because of the cold war and that africa was becoming more independent.
- Analyzes how baldwin could have predicted what the educational system would be like in the last few years because some schools refused to accept that the new law declared segregation in public schools illegal.
- Explains that baldwin, james, "down at the cross." 1955. baldwin: collected essays. ed. toni morrison.
- Analyzes how baldwin sensed that the brown v. board of education was an illusion led by political reasoning.
- Cites irons, peter, "jim crow's children: the broken promise of the brown decision." velvet goldmine.
2171 wordsRead More - Mendez V Westminster Case Studyargumentative essayBoard of Education was a United States Supreme Court case in 1954 that the court declared state laws to establish separate public schools for black segregated public schools to be unconstitutional. Brown v. Board of Education was filed against the Topeka, Kansas school board by plaintiff Oliver Brown, parent of one of the children that access was denied to Topeka’s none colored schools. Brown claimed that Topeka 's racial segregation violated the Constitution 's Equal Protection Clause because, the city 's black and white schools were not equal to each other. However, the court dismissed and claimed and clarified that segregated public schools were "substantially" equal enough to be constitutional under the Plessy doctrine. After hearing what the court had said to Brown he decided to appeal the Supreme Court. When Chief Justice Earl Warren stepped in the court spoke in an unanimous decision written by Warren himself stating that, racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which states that "no state shall make or enforce any law which shall ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." Also congress noticed that the Amendment did not prohibit integration and that the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees equal education to both black and white students. Since the supreme court noticed this issue they had to focus on racial equality and galvanized and developed civil
In this essay, the author
- Explains that in the late 1940s and early 1950s, there were many issues that involved racial segregation with many different communities.
- Explains that mendez vs westminster was a 1947 federal court case that challenged racial segregation in orange county, california schools.
- Explains that brown v. board of education was filed against the topeka, kansas school board by plaintiff oliver brown. the court dismissed and clarified that segregated public schools were "substantially" equal.
- Analyzes the similarities between mendez v. westminster and brown versus the board of education by the hon. frederick p. aguirre.
- Compares mendez v. westminster, a case that involved mexican-american racial background and other latinos, with brown's.
1093 wordsRead More - Race and Supreme Court Decisionsanalytical essayWarren, Earl. "Supreme Court Decision- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Et Al." Caselaw. Westlaw, 17 May 1954. Web. 7 Nov. 2010.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the supreme court's power of judicial review played an integral role in shaping post-bellum racial laws and attitudes.
- Analyzes how plessey v. ferguson embodied the overarching racial attitudes of the southern united states in the post-reconstruction era.
- Argues that the plessey decision established a precedent for laws to be established that would exclude black americans from assimilating into american culture.
- Analyzes how the supreme court sided with the plaintiffs in the 1951 lawsuit against the topeka kansas board of education in an attempt to reverse the policy of segregation.
- Analyzes how brown re-enforced the practice of interpreting the constitution in a modern context. bolling v. sharpe was one of several school desegregation suits that paralleled brown ii.
- Analyzes how brown's ruling on school segregation prevented black students from enjoying equal protection under the law.
- Explains that plessey triggered an era of justified racism, and brown set the precedent for the american government to turn a blind eye to racial strife.
- Describes newton, jim, earl warren, and the nation he made.
- Explains powe, l. a. scott, the warren court and american politics. cambridge, ma: belknap of harvard university.
- Describes the supreme court decision in brown v. board of education of topeka et al.
- Describes newton, jim, earl warren, and the nation he made.
- Explains powe, l. a. scott, the warren court and american politics. cambridge, ma: belknap of harvard university.
- Describes the supreme court decision in brown v. board of education of topeka et al.
- Describes newton, jim, earl warren, and the nation he made.
- Explains powe, l. a. scott, the warren court and american politics. cambridge, ma: belknap of harvard university.
- Describes the supreme court decision in brown v. board of education of topeka et al.
1896 wordsRead More - Events that Affected United States History after the Civil Warexplanatory essay"History of Brown v. Board of Education." USCOURTSGOV RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2014.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the three civil war amendments to the u.s. constitution did not resolve the civil rights issues in america because african americans continued to experience unequal treatment in their everyday lives.
- Explains that the case of brown v. board of education, city of topeka kansas was one of the most important legal attempts by the naacp that successfully ended segregation in schools.
- Explains the 13th amendment to the u.s. constitution: abolition of slavery (1865).
- Explains that the voting rights act of 1965 was one of the most significant constitutional changes in the relationship between the federal and state governments since the reconstruction period following the civil war.
- Explains dunbar, brian, "what was project mercury?" nasa, 16 dec. 2008. web. 21 apr. 2014.
943 wordsRead More - Key Events Of The Civil Rights Movementexplanatory essayCourt's decision on the case Brown vs. Board of Education. Inclusion to this paper I hope that
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the united states civil rights movement was the centerfold of the 1900's. the brutal murder of emmett till, the integration of arkansas' central high school, and the ku klux klan are just a glimpse of what the movement truly was.
- Describes james meredith's gratitude for his safety in 1963.
- Narrates how the klan were taken to a secluded part of the woods.
- Narrates the ku klux klan: a secret history.
- Describes how emmett till, 14, was murdered while visiting family near money, mississippi. he grew up in chicago, where he knew of segregation but had white play mates.
- Narrates how the men kidnapped emmett and took him to the tallahatchie river, where he carried a 75-pound cotton gin fan. they beat him, gouged his eye out, shot him in the head, and threw his body into the river.
- Explains that emmett's mother (mamie bradley) didn't want his body buried in the land that let his killers go free. his body was shipped to chicago, where his funeral was held.
- Explains bradley's decision to delay the funeral because she wanted the world to see what "those animals that call themselves men" had done to her son.
- Analyzes how rosa parks was a "nobody" and her son "a little nobody that shook up the world." the murder of emmett till gave the first spark to the civil rights movement.
- Describes how governor faubus and a mob of white people threatened to lynch the black students before the president ordered troops to let them enter the school.
- Describes how elizabeth eckford, the student that mrs. bates was not able to pick up, was met by a mob and national guardsmen who would not let her into the school.
- Opines that university of mississippi was a quality university that was one of the best in the south but only for whites. james meredith before he had applied for admissions into the university severed on the u.s.
- Narrates how james was accepted into ole miss because he didn't fill in the race section of the application thinking that it was irrelevant. james sued the university and won in 5th u.s. circuit court.
- Narrates how meredith was secretly taken to his dorm room by a mob of white people in front of the administration building.
- Explains that the members of the mississippi freedom summer project were not appreciated by the ku klux klan.
- Explains that schwerner was not liked by the white knights, since he was a jew from new york.
- Narrates how the three were arrested after leaving the mt. zion baptist church, which had been bombed by the white knights.
- Narrates how fbi agents acted as members of the white knights as part of an fbi investigation.
- Explains that the fbi was able to put what happened the night the three disappeared together. the three left the jail and were forced over, on the highway, by deputy price.
- Explains that the state of mississippi refused to bring up indictments but the federal government did.
- Opines that they were not able to include events that occurred during the civil rights movement in their paper, like the story of the "four little girls" who were killed in an alabama church bombing.
- Cites johnson, jacqueline, hornsby, and straub. african american chronology, volume i: 1492-1972, gale research international limited., detroit, michigan, 1994.
2178 wordsRead More - Free Response Matrix Of The Fourteenth Amendmentexplanatory essayThe Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) was a suit brought against the board of education in Topeka, Kansas by African American parents to bring an end to the racial segregation of schools in the district. The Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation was unconstitutional because it violated the “equal protection clause” of the Fourteenth Amendment. The court ruled that it was unconstitutional because it rejected equal treatment to African Americans under the law. This ruling was a reversal of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling which stated separate but equal was equal.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the supreme court now applies the bill of rights to the states through selective incorporation. gitlow v. new york ruled that freedom of speech and press are protected by the first amendment.
- Explains that the supreme court ruled that racial segregation was unconstitutional because it violated the "equal protection clause" of the fourteenth amendment.
- Explains how interest groups use litigation to influence government. they use campaign contributions to gain access to policy making.
- Explains that the first amendment prohibits making any law that respects a religion or the free exercise of it. the fourth amendment was selectively incorporated because of the fourteenth amendment’s “due process clause”.
2065 wordsRead More