III. PROPOSED WORK Enrollment process: The process of enrollment includes the collection and processing of eye and signature image. The enrolled image is needed to be processed. Segmentation, normalization and feature extraction are used for processing the images. Segmentation is the process of extraction of iris from eye image. Normalization of the iris region is done by using minimax normalization and then the feature extraction is done with the help of Gabor filter. The process of enrollment is shown in Fig.3. The processed iris image is embedded with the signature then two shares are generated from that embedded image using visual cryptographic scheme. Then one share is stored in the database and the other one is stored in the user …show more content…
3 Working process of proposed work A. SEGMENTATION 1. To detect the circle object Where (a, b) is the centre of the circle, and r is the radius. If a point in the (x, y) is fixed, then the parameters can be found according to (1). 2. The operator finds the maximum pixel intensity value change (J) by searching the image within the defined radius parameters with a circular integral centred on the point (x0, y0), with radius r of the radial derivate of the original image blurred with a Gaussian kernel G. 3. J, in this case corresponds to the iris-sclera (white) boundary. The pixel intensity change is so great between those regions. 4. The pupil boundary is then found within the iris-sclera boundary. The pupil boundary corresponds to the second largest value of J. 5. Eyelid Removal a) An edge map of the image is created using canny edge detection. b) A line is fitted to both eyelids using the Linear Hough Transform. c) Another line is drawn to bisect the first line at the iris edge closest to the pupil. 6. Eyelashes are removed by thresholding since they are usually darker than the eyes. All values less than the threshold value were set to N. 7. The signature is segmented
There are three parts to the eye exam, the visual acuity exam. This test uses an eye chart to measure how good you can see an object details or the shape of an object at a far distance. 20/20 is the perfect visual acuity and if you 're legally blind than its worse than or equal to 20/200 in both eyes. The second exam is called the slit lamp exam which is a type of microscope that is used to examine the front part of the eye,, that includes the eyelids, conjunctiva, sclera, cornea, iris, anterior chamber, the lens, and part of the retina and optic nerve. The third exam is called dilated exam. Dilated exam is when drops are placed in the eyes to widen or dilate the pupil to enable your eye M.D. to examine the retina and optic nerve for signs of damage (“Diabetic Retinopathy
Each component of this ensemble has a specific function. For example, iris acts as a variable aperture to control the light that enters the eye and ciliary body secretes aqueous humor. The vascular layer is the choroid, which provides blood supply to the retina. The iris arises from the anterior face of the ciliary body and is a forward extension of the choroid. The central aperture in the iris is called the pupil and its size is controlled by the iris to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye. The iris is made up of two types of muscles dilator and sphincter muscles. Sympathetic nervous system innervates dilator muscles and parasympathetic nervous system innervates sphincter muscles. Mydriasis which is dilation of the pupil is a result of increase in dilator muscle activity. Miosis the constriction of the pupil is a result of increase in sphincter muscle activity. The ciliary body consists of smooth muscle, which is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system. When ciliary muscle contracts, the lens become more convex to accommodate proper vision. The other important function of the ciliary body is the production of aqueous humor, which
Now-a-day, biometric authentication system or simply biometric system, offers a reliable and user-friendly solution to the problem of identity management by establishing the identity of an individual based on “who the person is”, rather than the knowledge-based i.e. “what the person knows" or token-based i.e. “what the person carries” (Jain et al., 1999). The word biometrics is derived from the Greek words bios (meaning life) and metron (meaning measurement); biometric identifiers are measurements from living human body (Maltoni et al., 2003). Biometric system refers to automatically identify or verify an individual's identity based on his physiological characteristics (e.g. fingerprints, face, iris and hand geometry) and behavioral characteristics (e.g. gait, voice and signature) (Figure 2.1). Ancillary characteristics (also known as soft biometric) such as gender, ethnicity, age, eye color, skin color, scars and tatoos also provide some information about the identity of a person. However, soft biometric traits do not provide sufficient evidence to precisely determine the identity (Jain et al., 2004a). Biometric traits provide a unique and permanent binding between an individual and his identity. This “binding" cannot be easily lost, forgotten, shared or forged and free from making false repudiation claims. Biometrics offers several advantages over conventional security measures. These include
...nation without an idea way, it will lead the key to be the leader of the whole certification process, then the security system will be based on the key. Once the key is missing, the system will be collapsed. Based on the above analysis, while biometrics characteristics as an approximate random signal, people can consider to extract one key directly from such signals, instead of using the external inputs. In this way, we call it a key generation mechanism (key generation scheme).
...t the very end. In the case of The Cone it has a very detailed
Most of the eye is filled with a clear gel called the vitreous. Light projects through the pupil and the lens to the back of the eye. The inside lining of the eye is covered by special light-sensing cells that are collectively called the retina. The retina converts light into electrical impulses. Behind the eye, the optic nerve carries these impulses to the brain. The macula is a small extra-sensitive area within the retina that gives central vision. It is located in the center of the retina and contains the fovea, a small depression or pit at the center of the macula that gives the clearest vision. The blind spot is at the exit point of the optic nerve, at this point there are no rods or cones, and so all the light directed here are of no use. Eye color is created by the amount and type of pigment in the iris. Multiple genes inherited from each parent determine a person’s eye color. Though the eye is such a wonderful organ, it is also prone to diseases, infections, and other problems that could be minor or major, and could lead to blindness or poor
...oul. Maybe Vigee-LeBrun had this idea when painting and wanted the eyes of the people she painted to show the souls and the life of the people instead focusing on features that were less valuable.
the cornea and the sclera. The cornea is what covers the iris, and is the
Gaussian filter is exclusively used for this purpose as the mask is simple. The standard convolution method is performed once the mask is calculated. Since the convolution mask is usually much smaller than the actual image, the mask slides over the image , manipulating the pixels in the image. The large width Gaussian masks are not preferred as detector's sensitivity to noise is low and moreover, the localization error in the detected edges also increases with increase in Gaussian mask width.
Biometrics is a preset method to recognize a person based on a physiological or behavioral attribute. The present features are face recognition, fingerprints, handwriting, hand geometry, iris, vein, voice and retinal scan. In the early years of the 21st century, we find ourselves persistently moving further away from the stipulation of physical human interface playing a major part of basic everyday tasks. Striding ever closer to an programmed society, we interact more habitually with mechanical agents, unsigned users and the electronic information sources of the World Wide Web, than with our human counterpart. It is therefore possibly sardonic that identity has become such an important issue in the 21st century. Face recognition has been related as the divine Grail of biometric recognition systems, due to a number of noteworthy advantages over other methods of identification.
The term biometrics is commonly known as the field of development of statistical and mathematical methods applicable to data analysis problems in the biological sciences. Though, even more recently it has taken on a whole new definition. Biometrics is an amazing new topic referring to “the emerging field of technology devoted to the identification of individuals using biological traits, based on retinal or iris scanning, fingerprints, or face recognition”. Biometrics has already begun using applications that range from attendance tracking with a time clock to security checkpoints with a large volume of people. The growing field of biometrics has really been put on the map by two things, the technological advances made within the last 20 years, and the growing risk of security and terrorism among people all over the world. In this paper I will focus on: the growing field of biometrics, why it is important to our future, how the United States government has played a role in its development and use, the risks involved, the implications on public privacy, and further recommendations received from all over the science and technology field.
As one of the feature of biometric, signature verification is used to find the authenticity of a person to give the access the most valued and important documents and shelf. Firstly the signature of a person are taken as a reference in database. To generate the database, number of attempts from the same person has been taken, as it would permit minute deviations in signatures that generates due to environmental conditions. Once it is done, then the signatures at other times are every time then verified with the existing database. Because of confidentially of the file/document/transaction giving access is the crucial process that should be monitored with perfection. The same happens with offline signature verification. Computerized process and verification algorithm (thus software) takes fully care of signature under test, generate results that are 100% authentic, and advocates credibility of the concerned person .However, there might raise issue of authenticity even if the same person performs the signature. Or, at times a forge person may duplicate the exact signature. Many research have been done to find the accuracy of result so as to prevent from forgery. Forgery is also divided into different categories depending upon their severity as
Iris recognition is very accurate and distinctive because iris has a complex texture that can produce a substantial amount of information to identify a person. Furthermore, the iris remains almost unchanged from childhood, only minuscule variations are presented. The biometric data is captured using a small and high definition camera that is able to recognize different characteristics of the iris. Moreover, the system can detect the use of contact lens with a fake iris and can realize with the natural movement of the eye if the sample object is a living being. Although initially iris recognition systems were expensive and complex to use, new technology developments have improved these weaknesses.
The incredible thing about the human eye is that it can see objects to as far as 2 miles long.That’s almost 35 football fields! Let’s consider the mechanics of the eye. The eye is a clear ball with water-like fluids in there.You have the front of the eyeball which is translucent called the cornea. It’s extremely thin and its job is to protect the eye by refracting light that comes through. The next part of the eye is the pupil, which mostly everyone knows about.It is the black portion in your eye. Did you know that it gets its color from when light entering the eye is absorbed and it doesn’t leave the eye. You may also notice that when you’re looking at the pupil, you can see a different colored circle in them. This is called the iris, and it varies among everyone. Your actual eye color is determined by a pigment in the iris.The genes from your parents set a human’s eye color. The iris’s job is to widen or close depending on how bright or dark it is. If its bright and the sun is basically beaming down on you, the iris will adjust so your pupil will get smaller to only let a certain amount of light in. If you’re in the dark, your iris adjusts so your pupil will get bigger so a greater...
This protects the eye from becoming dry.The Cornea, a part of the sclera, is the transparent window of the eye through which light passes. The focusing of the light begins in the cornea.Behind the Cornea is a watery fluid called the aqueous humor. This fluid fills a curved, crescent shaped space, thick in the center and thinner toward the edges. The cornea and the aqueous humor together make an outer lens that refracts, or bends, light and dire...