These are a result of changes in large blood vessels. It is important to screen diabetic patients for routinely and to refer them to specialists such as cardiology as necessary. This also include retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy and are caused by hyperglycemia-induced thickening of retinal and glomerular. There are changes in the small blood vessels that supply the tissues and organs. Retinopathy affects the vision of a patient over time and can lead to either partial or complete loss of vision. Nephropathy also is a defect of the kidney to function properly and can lead to renal failure. Neuropathy can lead to gastrointestinal disturbances, bladder dysfunction, postural hypotension, and sexual dysfunction. It is very important to screen …show more content…
A Pregnant patient who develops gestational diabetes is at risk of having babies with high birth weight, perinatal hypoglycemia, respiratory distress, hypertensive disorders, and cardiac dysrhythmias.
Regular activity of exercise and lifestyle changes helps with diabetes management. When a patient is active, their cells become more sensitive to insulin and it can work to maintain glucose level ,this means that exercising consistently can lower the blood glucose which in turn means fewer oral medications and insulin injections will be needed. Physical activity is also important for your overall well-being and can help with many other health conditions like blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, improve sleep, stress, and the strengthening of bones and
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The insulin doses are separated into basal rates that keep the blood glucose level in a range between meals and overnight, bolus doses that cover meals high in carbohydrates and correction doses, it is important that patients know how often to change needles or catheters and that their injection site should be rotated. Controlling caloric and carbohydrate intake, management helps patients to learn to incorporate good dietary choices in their everyday life and oral antidiabetic medication to reduce the risk of hypoglycemic/ hyperglycemic in order to promote healthful weight loss and maintain glucose control.
Patient education should include the relationships between nutrition, exercise, medications, and blood glucose levels, as well as the importance of foot, skin, and dental care. Patients should also be informed of the importance of documentation and monitoring symptoms, levels and care. One of the key focuses of patient education is to ensure for self-care. The patient should be carefully and patiently educated on the use of glucose monitoring equipment and its purpose, insulin and oral medication administration as well as its purpose and the risk of side
4: Evers IM, De Valk HW, Visser GHA (2004) Risk of complications of pregnancy in women with Type 1 diabetes: Nationwide prospective study in the Netherlands. British Medical Journal 328, 915-917.
According WebMD 2014. Diabetes mellitus (or diabetes) is a chronic, lifelong condition that affects your body's ability to use the energy found in food. There are three major types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes. It is a hormonal disorder of the pancreas either decrease in insulin level also known as hypoinsulinism or increase in insulin level also known as hyperinsulinism. Lowered amounts, insufficient of, or ineffective use of insulin leads to the disorder of diabetes mellitus. It is common chronic disease requiring lifelong behavioral and lifestyle changes. According to Peakman (2012). The development of type 1 diabetes mellitus is a genetic and an autoimmune process that results in destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas, leading to absolute insulin deficiency. There is usually a pre-diabetic phase where autoimmunity has already developed but with no clinically apparent insulin dependency. Insulin autoantibodies can be detected in genetically predisposed individuals as early as 6-12 months of age. In persons genetically susceptible to type 1 diabetes, a triggering event, possibly a viral infection the leads to production of autoantibodies that kill the beta cells and results in decline and a lack of insulin secretion. According to Wherrett. It is caused by impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance and has a gradual onset. Those with type 2 diabetes may eventually need insulin treatment. Gestational diabetes mellitus is glucose intolerance during pregnancy in a woman not previously diagnosed with diabetes, this may occur if placental hormones counteract insulin, causing insulin intolerance. Complications in diabetes mellitus includes: Hypoglycemia it is ca...
a. Exercise will reduce insulin resistance. Ward off diabetes complications c. Help lose weight d. Help maintain a steady blood sugar level for life. 4. What is the difference between a.. By looking at most sufferers, experts have found many common deficiencies in most diabetics.
Diabetes is a disease in which the body has a shortage of insulin, a decreased ability to use insulin, or both. People with this disease have to administer a synthetic insulin replacement into the body to regulate and stabilize their blood-sugar level. The traditional insulin delivery method is through injection by a needle and syringe. Determining when to introduce insulin into the body requires frequent blood tests (poking the finger). An alternative to this method uses a Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) with a wireless sensor attached to a wire inserted into body tissue to measure electrical elements of fluids.
With the current literature research diabetes a growing among patients across the world. There several ways nursing can educate their patients on this disease that is killing their patients day to day. Educating their patients on getting physically active, changing their diet, and not smoking our some
B.(Sub-point) Type-2 diabetes after a long time can affect the body’s blood vessels leading to damage to both small and big vessels just like Type 1 diabetes. (SUB-SUBPOINT) Damage to the small blood vessel leads to microvascular problems, while harm to the large vessels result in macrovascular effects (Lisa, 2016). Impaired blood vessels do not transfer blood as supposed to, which results in other complications, like vision loss, kidney damage and nerve damage. Macrovascular problems with Type 2 diabetes are a buildup of plaque, which results in a heart attack, blocked vessels in legs and a stroke (Lisa, 2016). Type 1 diabetes has the same complications as Type 2 resulting in the same effect on the important organs in the body, like the heart, nerves, vision, kidneys and both the tiny and large blood vessels ( Mayo Clinic Staff,
Because we are all physiologically the same there are factors that must be addressed in all Diabetics
My former clinical instructor has DM1, and she taught us about carbohydrate counting, the importance of exercise, and what keeping up with insulin does. We did a carbohydrate counting project that we presented to the nurses and then to the patients. We made sure to an...
Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin, a hormone needed to allow glucose to enter the cells and produce energy. There is no cure for this disease but it can be controlled with treatment which consists of daily injections of insulin and constant glucose monitoring. For both the patient and the caregivers it usually takes a significant amount of time to learn how to manage the disease; furthermore it is important to learn to read food labels, be able to count carbohydrates correctly and dose accurately. It is crucial for insulin dosing to be accurate in order to avoid underdosing and overdosing as it can be fatal in either instance, learning to recognize the difference between high glucose and low glucose symptoms is important as well. High glucose can present itself as increased thirst, headaches, blurred vision, trouble concentrating, fatigue and frequent urination; low glucose symptoms can be excess hunger, fatigue, nausea/ vomiting, lightheadedness even fainting. Low glucose can be treated by eating small portions of food that are high in sugar but being careful not to increase your glucose levels too much, if they do increase significantly then you have to correct with insulin DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis) Since their is no cure for the disease the goal is ba...
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an intolerance of glucose documented for the first time during pregnancy. It is usually a short-term type of diabetes and the most common health problem with pregnant women. GBM is caused by the way the hormones in pregnancy affect the mother. GDM accounts for 5-7% of all pregnancies (American Diabetes Association, 2010). During pregnancy the placenta develops and becomes the main bond between the mother and the baby. It is used to make sure the baby has and gets enough nutrients. The placenta makes several hormones which make it hard for insulin to control blood glucose and block the action of the mother’s insulin in her body (American Diabetes Association, 2010). Hormonal changes during the pregnancy causes the body to be less sensitive to insulin. Insulin has the job of opening up the cells so that the glucose can get inside regulating the amount of glucose in the blood while glucose is the amount of sugar in the blood stream. In pregnancy, the body needs to make three times more insulin for control of the blood sugar. GDM is usually found within the second trimester of a pregnancy and increases until the end of the pregnancy. Usually within a few hours of delivery the condition resolves itself (American Diabetes Association, 2010).
There is no specific treatment for diabetes. When the doctor diagnoses diabetes he or she will want to lower the blood sugar level and prohibit problems with the disorder. Especially for type 2, the doctor will want to lower the body's resistance to insulin. Involved in the treatment program is weight loss, diet, exercise and prescribed medication. Patients must check their blood glucose levels several times a day by using a glucose meter that measures glucose level with only one drop of blood. The program for every patient is different, designed for the specific patient.
Diabetic Neuropathy is a group of neurological disorders caused by nerve damage resulting from the effects of type one and type two diabetes. There are several types of neurological diseases, each affecting the individual differently. Each disorder presents with its own symptoms, prognosis, and risks. It is important for the diabetic patient to receive adequate education from their physician on the basic signs and symptoms of neuropathy. Early identification and frequent check-ups can greatly impact the effects of neuropathy.
Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. Although it usually goes away after the baby is born, it does bring health risks for both the mother and baby. When you’re pregnant, pregnancy hormones make it harder for insulin to move glucose from your blood into the cells. If your body can’t produce enough insulin to overcome the effects of insulin resistance, you’ll develop gestational diabetes. (IHC, 2013)
Before beginning, it is important to have a list of goals and objectives that are formulated by the nurse. The goals for this teaching are the patient will verbalized understanding how to inject insulin and monitor the patient's blood glucose daily at home by her/him-self. Outcome determination is, therefore, a critical skill for successfully intervening with patients.
Exercising helps in many different ways such as gaining muscular strength and ability. A person's desire is to lose weight and have a perfect toned figure, but it also helps ease a lot of other conditions as well. Exercising is considered to be a mood booster. It helps improve self esteem and will lower depression. It will make a person a lot happier, and will help bring a positive reaction in the body. Physical activity is very important for obesity. It is really important for obese children or adults to get some form of exercise in their lives. It can be very beneficial for them and can help prevent long term illnesses. People that exercise on a daily basis do it because it helps them feel more positive about themselves and they will be more energized, motivated and focused for the day. It gives people an excessive amount of happiness.