Threats to health, such as spread of pandemics present significant challenges to transport planning and operations. Because of the nature of transport systems, safety and security issue concerns the modes and the terminals. Each involves a different set of issues. As locations where passengers and freight are assembled and dispersed; terminals have particularly been a focus of concern about security and safety. Because railway stations and airports are some of the most densely populated sites anywhere, crowd control and safety have been issues that have preoccupied managers for a long time. Access is monitored and controlled, and movements are channelled along pathways that provide safe access to and from platforms and gates. In the freight …show more content…
The less regulated and greater international dimensions of the shipping industry in particular have made it a vulnerable to security breaches. The large number of ports, the vast fleet of global shipping and the range of products carried in vessels, and the difficulty of detection has made the issue of security in shipping an extremely difficult one to address. For ports, vulnerabilities (unauthorized access to cargo and facilities) can both be exploited from the land side as well as on the maritime side. The container, which has greatly facilitated globalization, makes it extremely difficult to identify illicit and/or dangerous cargoes. In the absence of scanners that can scan the entire box, manual inspection becomes a time consuming and virtually impossible task considering the large volumes involved. Hibbing compounds the problem, as large numbers of containers are required to be handled with minimum delays and …show more content…
The aim is to make the physical environment safer, or to make the environment less likely to encourage conflict through environmental design and management, including aiding surveillance, resolving conflicts and setting rules. Manipulate the physical environment (built or landscape) to improve surveillance, define ownership of spaces and minimise conflict between users.
Fourth is Target enclosure. A ‘target enclosure’ is the business, room or space (such as a car, home or shop) that contains the target of the crime. Interventions include perimeter access and security. Make target enclosures harder to penetrate to increase the perceived effort associated with a crime.
Fifth is Target person or property. Projects in this category focus on strengthening the actual target, not just its surroundings. It could include what is sometimes termed ‘target hardening’, or the removal of the target from a vulnerable area. Increase the perceived effort or rewards associated with a crime by making targets harder to access, remove or
The premise of routine activity theory moves away from the suggestion that crime is caused by social impacts such as unemployment, inequality and low socio economic status, and rather looks at crime occurring when there is a convergence of a motivated offender, a suitable target and a lack of suitable guardians (Cohen & Felson, 2010). Routine activity theory focuses on trends in behaviour, and asserts that crime is specific to space and time (Williams, 2012). Routine activity theory looks at the differing risks that different locations possess, and the correlation between different lifestyles and victimisation (Cohen & Felson, 1979). By identifying the factors that can influence a person or a place being at an increased risk of victimisation, it may be possible to educate residents, increase the number of capable guardians and apply strategies to reduce crime by utilising law enforcement and increasing guardianship (Cullen & Wilcox,
9. Sherman L., Gottfredson D., MacKenzie D., Eck J., Reuter P., Bushway S. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising. A Report to the United States Congress. College Park, MD: University of Maryland, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 1997.
This paper will provide an explanation into how differential association theory explains burglary. Burglary, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigations (F.B.I), considers a property crime a Type 1 Index Crime because of its potentially violent nature. The F.B.I. breaks burglary down into three sub classifications. This paper discusses the elements of the crime of burglary and what constitutes a structure or dwelling. It will discuss a brief history of the deviance, trends and rates, and how it correlates to the specific theory that this paper will also discuss.
Crime and Everyday Life chapter two, The Chemistry for Crime outlines the various components of a crime. Noting that offenders are just one small element to any crime. In all honesty offenders are a variable waiting for time that all the elements are in place. Violent, predatory crimes only occur while an absence of guardians around a target. Clarke named the check list for a target or hot product as, concealable, removable, available, valuable, enjoyable, and disposable. Equally, fights develop in the absence of peacemakers and a present crowd. Illegal sales crime all depend on the setting that offers coverage and removed management. The Chemistry for Crime argues that everyday life tempts as well as diminishes the potential for crime, influencing
Safety is a primary concern in the health care environment, but there are still many preventable errors that occur. In fact, a study from ProPublica in 2013 found that between 210,000 and 440,000 patients each year suffer preventable harm in the hospital (Allen, 2013). Safety in the healthcare environment is not only keeping the patient safe, but also the employee. If a nurse does not follow procedure, they could bring harm to themselves, the patient, or both. Although it seems like such a simple topic with a simple solution, there are several components to what safety really entails. Health care professionals must always be cautious to prevent any mishaps to their patients, especially when using machines or lifting objects, as it has a higher
This research is very important in determining the measures to take to be a deterrent to this crime. There are many approaches to dealing with crime. There are preventive methods that seek to prevent a crime from happening. There is also a punitive method of preventing crime that work by making the penalty for committing a crime very high. It prevents people from committing a crime and offenders from repeating the crime.
To be able to appreciate the magnitude of the problem, it is important to first determine what the issue is all about. This paper is going to analyze this issue developing recommendations on how to combat the crime in the United States. This will be achieved by discussing the nature of this issue, who the victims are and the current legislation on the pro...
Crime against property and residents of a built environment is an occurrence worldwide. Effective methods of combating such criminal behaviour have constantly been discussed throughout history. Such discussions have led to the creation of a multi-disciplinary concept of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). Originally a concept developed by Jane Jacobs in the early 1960’s and notably developed by criminologist Timothy D. Crowe, CPTED is a constantly evolving theory that is based upon the belief that the built environment can be used to influence the decisions made by criminals before they commit a crime. CPTED aims to design and implement various techniques within a built environment that will deter instances and reduce fears
Ronald V Clarke originally developed the idea of situational crime prevention in the 1980’s (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005). This particular crime prevention theory addresses techniques that increase the effort required to commit the crime, increase the risks involved with committing the crime, reducing the reward gained by the offender after committing the crime, reducing the provocation between the offender and others and remove excuses (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005). Majority of crime is believed to be committed because there are no high risks of being caught and the rewards outweigh the risks (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005). Increasing the effort by controlling access to locations and target hardening can deflect many offenders, as more effort is needed to commit the crime (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005). Another main technique would be to increase the risks; this may be achieved by extending guardianship, creating natural surveillance or artificial surveillance such as CCTV (Brantingham & Brantingham 2005).
This prevention strategy is primarily aimed at reducing the opportunities for crime which arises from everyday life rather than simply responding to crime; relying on the police after the offence for e.g. using closed circuit television surveillance (CCTV) in surroundings that crime might occur with regards to preventing potential offending from causing an offence. For e.g. by placing a limit of access of such a person to shopping malls “only 3 school children are allowed per shopping”. This approach also aims to ‘remove the excuse’ that is eliminating anything that is eye-catching to criminals about accomplishing that specific crime. An illustration of this is the technique they use at the shoe outlet. At the Footlocker shop, there is only one shoe on the display counter, this makes stealing the shoe unpleasing and unproductive for thieve because it would not be logical to steal only one shoe regardless if...
Situational crime prevention reduces the opportunities for criminals to commit crime by making changes to or altering the environment with the assistance of the police, neighbors and other agencies (Worrall, 2008). The main theories of situational crime prevention are: environmental crime prevention, rational offender perspective, and routine activities (Worrall, 2008). Environmental crime prevention basically states that four elements must be present for a crime to occur: a target, a place (opportunity), a law, and an offender. Environmental crime prevention is designed to prevent people from breaking the law by altering street and building designs, or altering the environment to make it safer (Worrall, 2008). An example of this that is used by law enforcement is to place a sign at the public trash dumpsters informing the public that the area is being videotaped. This method is used to alter the publi...
It is accomplished by a proper design of the environment and effectively reduces the incidence of crime. Crime prevention depends on natural surveillance and supervision by place managers. Implementing techniques from crime prevention through environmental design to the UCO campus is can create a safer environment and deter crime.
A second objective is trying to change the behaviour of the target group. A third objective is targeting the criminals. By launching a prevention campaign, the criminals will also be deterred. They will notice that the police are more present and this will, hopefully, have a positive effect on the amount of crimes. The last objective is giving ...
It’s true what everyone talks about safety – you are the key to your safety, when you do it safely you do it the right way and the best gift you can give to your family is to always stay safe. We have been taught by our parents and teachers to be cautious while doing a number of things. That’s very essential in our daily lives, because one needs to be extra cautious to prevent unavoidable accidents. However, mishaps do happen everywhere in the safest of places, no matter how careful we are in our actions. It is highly unpredictable, what’s going to happen the very next instant. There are numerous incidences we come across like simple trips, falls, cuts due to sharp objects, burns or sudden worsening of a person’s health condition, causing
Safety management system is organized structure of providing safety to an organization. Since the first aircraft flew, there have always been efforts on improving the capabilities. Safety and the reliability are the two major aspects among a lot more features that are to be developed. Safety in a department can be achieved and maintained by introducing different practices that in turn promote safety. SMS is one such structure which in an organization will look over some of the following; Introduction to basic Human Factors, The Dirty Dozen, Combating Complacency etc. SMS in a company is always hungry for information to update and to make the staff aware of the situations. The best source for this information is the people working in the organization. Here are the four pillars essentially, which form the basic structure of any management system.