Criticising the distinction between illness and disease, last studies in medical sociology consider it to be the same with the Cartesian dichotomy body/mind; disease being associated with the body and illness with the mind. On the other hand, this dichotomy reflects the separation between nature and culture, when disease can be understood as a natural phenomenon, while illness it is located on the side of the social and the cultural context. Looking deeper at the concept of disease, Bryan Turner argues that, disease is far from being a neutral organic phenomenon; the disease has also an obvious social and cultural side (B. S. Turner, 2008). This claim is based on the idea that what we call a natural phenomenon is, to some extent, a cultural construct . Perception of body normality or lack of disease is a phenomenon that varies depending on cultural , social and political context in which the medical knowledge is placed (Turner, 2008). Thus, one and the same body may be considered healthy in different societies and cultures. On the other hand, anthropology stresses how that the disease can be caused by "political, economic, social, structural and/or environment context of a given society" (Baer , Singer, Susser , 1997:35).
Referring to the relationship between the human body and the socio- cultural context, Leder discusses how the body becomes the primary site of construction of the outside world " lived-body helps building the world as experienced. The significance and shape of objects cannot be understood without reference to bodily powers which we use - senses , language and desires "( Nettleton and Watson , 2005:10 ) . The body becomes a medium through which we interact with the outer world, a world transfer by our senses and t...
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Rethinking the sociology of the body in health , based on the phenomenological theory of symbolic interactionism made possible a deeper and more detailed analysis of the wide range of emotional issues , social and cultural involved in the experience of suffering caused by disease. Thus , the disease ceases to be a phenomenon depersonalized, conceptualized only in terms of organic malfunction, now regarded as a disorder that affects the experience of the individual in the world , causing a collapse of the vision of self and sometimes the whole identity of the person ( in particular in the case of very serious diseases or disabilities ) . This insight led to the development of a humanistic model of medicine, especially in terms of family medicine model that puts more emphasis on the patient's life context and socio-cultural aspects of the disease.
Holmes explained that he was really concerned with both theorizing social categories and their relationships with bodies and with the possibility that suffering might be alleviated in a more respectful, egalitarian, and effective manner. Additionally, he cites Kleinman’s writings on illness narratives and the explanatory models of patients as well as Farmer’s essays on pragmatic solidarity and structural violence. Kleinman’s work focuses on the ways in which patients somatize social realities and on the importance of clinicians listening to their patients understandings of illness. Farmer’s work basically explains the importance of structural determinants of sickness and calls for more equal distribution of biomedical resources. Moreover, chapter
This essay aims to make clear the system of restorative justice and its aims towards youth offending, whilst arguing points for and against the current system and whether or not it is more appropriate in terms of dealing with youth offending. It will also define restorative justice as well as defining what is meant by conventional justice. Making clear how and why these two systems came to be a part of youth justice whilst concluding as to which if either is more appropriate in dealing with youth offending behaviour.
Introduction: For this essay I am going to critically discuss the biomedical model as well as the social model of health and how they both relate to the lay perspectives on health and illness.
William, W. D. (2004). Culture and the risk of disease. British Medical Bulletin, 69, 21-31. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldh020
There is some theoretical ambiguity in the meaning of Restorative Justice in spite of the many definitions and studies done on the subject. Restorative Justice has been defined as “an ethos with practical goals, among which to restore harm by including affected parties in a (direct or indirect) encounter and a process of understanding through voluntary and honest dialogue.” It is primarily concerned with the reinstatement of victims to life before the crime, restoration of the Offender to a well behaved and lawful life, restoration of the injury caused to the community and the creation of a better society in the present and the future.
The concept of health and illness being separated into two models provides indication into the two very different but integral paradigms of how to treat patients deemed as needing care. These two models (known as the Biomedical Model and the Psychosocial Environmental Model) classify diagnosis, treatment and care in different ways which some actually share the same purpose. It is important in today’s society to be open to both models as both are used in all practices based on their similarities and their differences as they are able to “provide complimentary explanations rather than competing ones.”(Gilbert, L, Selikow, T & Walker, L., 2009:3).
When looking at the Criminal Justice system there are so many different elements make up the system to create a whole, it is sometimes hard to grasp every element. Throughout history people and governments alike have tried to figure out cost saving yet efficient strategies to keep offenders from reoffending and out of jail. Restorative justice is one of these elements; created to focus on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with victims and the community at large. Within the realm of restorative justice there are many different types of procedures and programs from alternate dispute resolution to veteran trauma courts and everything in-between. Not everyone will agree that these specialty courts and procedures
The concept of restorative justice became a game-changer in juvenile justice system. Through the course of time, professionals explored every possible methods and approaches that could positively affect the children without the expense of harming their future and wellbeing. The idea of restorative justice is “administer justice that focuses or repairing the harm done to the victim and the community. (Save the Children-UK, 2005)” The four guiding principles are to: (1) Repair and restore the balance within the community. (2) restitution for the victim. (3) Ensure that the offender understand and take responsibility. (4) Help the offender to change and improve. In South Africa, this is practiced in their community throughout
RESTORITIVE JUSTICE FOR YOUTH OFFENDERS SHOULD BE INCREASED-Draft Good morning all and welcome, today the area of the law we will be focusing on is that restorative justice for youth offenders and why restorative justice for youth offenders should be increased. Restorative justice is a philosophy in the legal world that adds value and direction into the juvenile sentence this legal concept is defined in YOUTH JUSTICE ACT 1992. Youth offenders vary from the ages 0-17 years old, but in order to be criminally charged with an offense you must be over the age of 10. Although restorative justice is congressional some people argue otherwise and say restorative justice should be reduce or matter in fact ended. Increasing the restorative justice for youth offenders will be more beneficial to theam as they will learn where they went wrong, as they will have to find a way in order to repay the victim.
Through showing the different definitions of health, the authors explain how those different understandings affect patterns of behavior on health depend on different cultures. In addition, an analysis of the models of health demonstrates even western medical approaches to health have different cognitions, same as the Indigenous health beliefs. The most remarkable aspect is a balance, a corresponding core element in most cultures which is an important consideration in Indigenous health as well. From an Indigenous perspective, health is considered as being linked, and keeping the connection is a priority to preserve their health. Consequently, health is a very much culturally determined. Health practitioners should anticipate and respect the cultural differences when they encounter a patient from various cultures. In particular, this article is good to understand why the Indigenous health beliefs are not that different than western medicine views using appropriate examples and comparative composition, even though the implementation the authors indicated is a bit abstract, not
It was found that the “social deviance represented by the ill - sections of the population who abandoned social roles (for example, employees, mothers, soldiers) so essential to the maintenance and longevity of the social organism” (Thomas 2012). Because of the threat of sickness affecting the eminence of society as a human body, functionalists believe that doctors are holders of patients status which maintain the order of the biological society. The theorist Emile Durkheim believed that medicine could play a crucial role in determining social normal and abnormal. The use of medical sociology “thrived on this normal/deviant dualism, not least because medical sociology mirrored the enlightenment inspired normal/pathological bifurcation in medicine” (Thomas 2012). By the use of medicine, doctors are able to regulate the access to the sick role and its benefits. Through this ability to regulate the sick role, doctors are also able to determine the proper function of those in society who are sick and how they will affect the structure of society. This control of how sick individuals is given to a member of society who will occupy a high social class due to the occupational prestige they have gained. By a member of the elite group to stabilities and balance society, they are able to justify the status quo, in return maintaining their power over sick individuals. This ability to have control over a lower social status is not to claim that they are of higher power but that there are structural valuables which affect their ability to have power over
Agreeing on a definition of restorative justice has proved difficult. One definition is a theory of justice that focuses mostly on repairing the harm caused by criminal behaviour. The reparation is done through a cooperative process that includes all the stakeholders. Restorative justice can also be explained as an approach of justice that aims to satisfy the needs of the victims and offenders, as well as the entire community. The most broadly accepted definition for restorative justice, however, is a process whereby all the parties that have a stake in a specific offence collectively resolve on how to deal with the aftermath. This process is largely focused around reparation, reintegration and participation of victims. That is to say, it is a victim-centred approach to criminal justice, and it perceives crime differently than the adversarial system of justice.
In the event of an individual falling ill, we as a nation are very lucky to have such excellent Physicians. Sociology has a variety of different perspectives when it comes to the understanding of the honest purpose of healthcare. With the new era emerging with new technology, humans have become inattentive to the environment and health wellness. I will be explaining the importance of healthcare from the Functionalistic Perspective, targeting three main factors; sick role, gatekeeper and social class. Along with some interesting facts, and studies of the environments role in health within a community.
When Mary Catherine Parris was told that I would be talking to her about restorative justice, her response was, “Is that a real thing?” (personal communication, September 23, 2015). Through this assignment I realized that restorative justice is not talked about within the criminal justice system. For both of the individuals I spoke with, the idea of restorative justice seemed like a joke. In trying to persuade them both that restorative justice is a real thing, I was met with very similar beliefs and comments from both individuals. They both believed that restorative justice would not work and believed that some aspects of the approach were completely useless (M. C. Parris, & R. Clemones, personal communication, September 23, 2015). The responses
“Restorative justice is an approach to crime and other wrongdoings that focuses on repairing harm and encouraging responsibility and involvement of the parties impacted by the wrong.” This quote comes from a leading restorative justice scholar named Howard Zehr. The process of restorative justice necessitates a shift in responsibility for addressing crime. In a restorative justice process, the citizens who have been affected by a crime must take an active role in addressing that crime. Although law professionals may have secondary roles in facilitating the restorative justice process, it is the citizens who must take up the majority of the responsibility in healing the pains caused by crime. Restorative justice is a very broad subject and has many other topics inside of it. The main goal of the restorative justice system is to focus on the needs of the victims, the offenders, and the community, and focus